Promoting Population Health Essay

Every Woman Matters is a program through the Nebraska Department of Health which is state run and federally funded. This program focuses on decreasing barriers to preventive breast and cervical cancer screenings in low-income women. They so this by raising public awareness and make these screenings more accessable and affordable to eligible women (Backer, Geske, McIlvain, Dodendorf, & Minier, 2005). Reduced cost or no cost clinical breast exams, mammograms, and Pap smear test are provided through this program. The EWM program has attempted to provide their services to physician practices to assist in the development of the program. The practices are expected to follow the GAPS model to implement this change. This includes: â€Å"goal setting, assessing existing routines, planning the modification of routines, and providing support for these improvements (Backer et al., 2005, p402). In order for this to be successful, they need to alter physician and practice behaviors. The practices resources, willingness to change, and the ability of staff to fully cooperate or work as a team should have been evaluated before the attempt to implement EWM program into each practice. It seems the practices chosen to implement the Every Woman Matters program already had its own issues or barrier for implementation to be fully possible. Some of the problems that were faced were: one practice was only focused on generating income, some were hospital owned which added barriers to approval, enthusiasm was not shared by all staff, staff was disgruntled or overextended, limited resources, resistance from staff, no active leader, prevention not being priority, and the loss of interest or elimination of goals after the first few months (Backer et al., 2005). Each practice  involved had at least one of these issues present resulting in the Every Woman Matters program not being effective in meeting its goals. Prevention Programs Two prevention programs that advocate for early screening are The North Carolina Breast Cancer Screening Program (NC-BCSP) and the Esperanza y vida health education program. Both of these programs are focused on women’s health screenings and treatment and they go about it the same way, influencing and supporting through social networks and offering culturally tailored interventions. The North Carolina Breast Cancer Screening Program focuses on African American women over 50 years old. They use a social ecological theory which targets several levels of the community from individuals and social networks to institutions and policymakers. They believe that providing â€Å"linkages† will develop communities that will endure after the research project ends (Altpeter, Earp, & Schopler, 1998). Social workers and others are used as â€Å"coaches or teachers† to develop the community participants’ skills. They help organize local efforts and provide technical assist ance or training. Social workers also identify and integrate the needs of underserved constituents into service planning to aim to improve service delivery. Three interventions are used in developing the program, Outreach, InReach, and Access. Outreach targets individual women and community nerworks to which they belong, building on the capacity of local leadership to advocate and promote breast cancer screening. This includes having agency-based community outreach specialists, county-based community advisory groups and a network of volunteers that span the projects 5-county region. The focus is to enhance awareness, generate community support, and introduce Lay Health Advisors that run focus groups. InReach enhances service delivery by restructuring clinic policies and procedures to increase efficiency of previous services that are delivered, provider education on breast cancer topics, help agencies implement community outreach efforts customized to older African American women. Key players of InReach are health care providers including private practice physicians, radiology centers, county health departments and federally funded rural health centers (Altpeter et al, 1998). â€Å"Program Champions† will advocate with the medical community and agencies for community wide screening,  referral, and follow-up plans. Access promotes accessible, equitable care by overcoming institutional barriers (cost, transportation, mammogram quality assurance) that prevent low income African American women from getting screenings. Key players are state and local agencies that are responsible for financing or delivering needed services. Radiology centers improve units or increase the quality of mammograms, the development of linkages, decrease in prices with creative use of federal or state financing with innovative plans such as â€Å"free weeks†. Promotion of ongoing availability in local health agencies of breast cancer screening activities. The NC-BCSP focuses on institutionalizing health promotion programs by establishing relationships with local health departments, rural health clinics, radiology centers, and physicians to ensure the program â€Å"me shed† with the current systems already in place in local organizations. This is important in fitting a â€Å"niche† within an organization to ensure longevity and uncover existing grassroot linkages that can fimly establish a comprehensive system of accessible, available, and affordable breast cancer screening and treatment options. Institutionalization depends on infrastructure development, community linkages at multiple levels and monitoring and providing feedback. What I find most importand in the NC-BCSP is the way they use community members to make this program work. Program Champions who have influence at the policy level and Project Coordinators who are older black women from the community. Lay Health Advisors who will gain professional knowledge and skills have existing ties within the community and social networks will initiate behavioral change. Natural helpers from within targeted communities are recruited and trained women who others turned to for advice, support, and assistance in the past. The Esperanza y vida is a peer-led health education program addressing the decreased rate of breast and cervical cancer screening and treatments in the Latina community. Sudarsan (2011 p 194) states â€Å"Individuals can not be considered separately from their social environment and background.†, which they prove by influencing and supporting Latina individuals through social networks and neighborhoods and communities. This programs’ interventions reflect the community’s priorities and culture. Culturally appropriate information and resources are provided to increase patient knowledge for self care and to decrease obstacles to health care. By offering culturally tailored  interventions, they increase the rates of screening. In their program, they use three different locations to account for geographic, ethnic, and community diversity. Along with education regarding breast and cervical cancer screenings and treatment, the Esperanza y Vida program addresses fears , concerns, and perceptions that negatively impact understandings. They also evaluate pre and post-program knowledge, testing attendance to increased screening adherence. Using ARS, an audience response system which uses Power Point questions and responses are recorded anonymously using a wireless keypad, increasing the probability of participants answering honestly. The program found differences between locations indicating varying familiarity with technology and literacy, resulting in low comfort levels. Esperanza y Vida accommodates Latino perspectives on family, religion, gender roles, and provides navigation into screening. The group settings are community-based locations, faith-based locations, or in womens’private homes. These â€Å"safe† locations are more appealing to undocumented Latinas, increasing the rate of participation. Learning by reflecting on access to various local agencies, and community structure variations. Trained peer volunteers are utilized, these are breast or cervical cancer survivors who share their persona l stories and stress the importance of early detection and regular screenings. Men are also encoursaged to attend because in Latino families the men tend to have more control over resources and decision making, promoting the health of female family members. Program sites are obtained by program coordinators who work with Community Advisory Boards, volunteers, and local community and faith-based organizations. Outreach includes providing potential sites with program details including program content, time and space needed to conduct the educational program. All participants of Esperanza y vida complete questioneers which include demographics, years in the US, current participation in screenings, pre-intervention knowledge surveys (evaluating baseline knowledge and attitudes) and post-intervention survey with the same questions (to measure any changes and success of the program) (Sudarsan, Jandorf, Erwin, 2011). The staff also tracks site setting, language the program is taught in, the type of program. The language the programs are taught in relate to the host and participants requests which reflects language preference in that specific region. Implementing Esperanza y Vida in diverse locations with  geographic considerations and variations and ethnic variables will assist in expanding the program across the US. Adaptation of the same intervention at different geographic sites will provide information to diverse populations. Cultural competence of the program has potential to decrease health disparities in Latinas (and soon other groups) in the US. The ability to recruit and educate diverse subgroups of the Latino population with success in enhancing knowledge about breast and cervical cancer screening and treatments. This program is malleable to different community needs which makes it stand out among others with similar focus. Strategies If I was the nurse leader in charge of developing a follow-up to the Every Woman Matters program, the strategies I would propose for creating a more effective prevention program would include: first, choosing practices that were financially stable, who worked well together, and where all staff was in agreement to promote change. References Altpeter, M., Earp, J., & Schopler, J. (1998). Promoting breast cancer screening in rural, African American communities: the â€Å"science and art† of community health promotion. Health & Social Work, 23(2), 104-115. Retrieved from http://ezp.waldenulibrary.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=1998053486&scope=site Backer, E. L., Geske, J. A., McIlvain, H. E., Dodendorf, D. M., & Minier, W. C. (2005). Improving female preventive health care delivery through practice change: An Every Woman Matters study.Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 18(5), 401–408. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases. Carroll, J. K., Humiston, S. G., Meldrum, S. C., Salamone, C. M., Jean-Pierre, P., Epstein, R. M., and Fiscella, K. (2009). Patients’ experiences with navigation for cancer care. Patient Education and Counseling 80, 241-247. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2009.10.024 Leeman, J., Moore, A., Teal, R., Barrett, N., Leighton, A., & Ste ckler, A. (2013). Promoting Community Practitioners’ Use of Evidence-Based Approaches to Increase Breast Cancer Screening. Public Health Nursing, 30(4), 323-331. doi:10.1111/phn.12021 Retrieved from http://ezp.waldenulibrary.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=2012167333&site=ehost-live Meredith, S. M. (2013).

Effects Of Having Parent Working Abroad Essay

I. Target Readers: Students who have an Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) parent II. Research Objectives: After reading this research paper, FAITH tertiary students should be able to: 1. Cite the advantages of having an OFW parent in terms of the following aspects: a. Financial b. Behavioral c. Academic 2. Cite the disadvantages of having an OFW parent in terms of the following aspects: a. Financial b. Behavioral c. Academic 3. Determine if there is a relationship between having an OFW parent and performing well in school. III. Hypothesis: Having an OFW parent does not affect a tertiary student’s academic performance. IV. Definition of Terms: OFW-Overseas Filipino Worker, Overseas Filipino is a person of Philippine origin who lives outside of the Philippines. This term applies both to people of Filipino ancestry who are citizens or residents of a different country and to those Filipino citizens abroad on a more temporary status. AY-Academic Year Gadgets-Modern electronic equipments Phenomena-Plural of phe.nom-e.non (Noun) – A remarkable event Exclusive – In this research it is private school. Empeded-to interfere with or slow the progress of  Remittances-a : a sum of money remitted b : an instrument by which money is  remitted Disruption -is the (usually deliberate or intended) interruption of normal work or practice. Transmission -is the act of passing something on in another place. Affirm-1. To declare positively or firmly; maintain to be true. 2. To support or uphold the validity of; confirm. Migrants -1. A person who leaves one country to settle permanently in another. 2. A plant or animal that establishes itself in an area where it previously did†¦

The Innovation of Electric Cars and Its Commercial Impact Essay

The Innovation of Electric Cars and Its Commercial Impact - Essay Example The researcher states that the electric car industry started with the development of the first electric car models and has grown to a bigger and a wider industry today. The first people to develop the electric cars originated from such countries as the Netherlands, United States, and Hungary. They invented with the idea of using a battery to power a vehicle that enabled them to develop small-scale electric vehicles. In the 2nd half of the 19th century, the first practical electric car was designed the French and the English innovators. In the US, William Morrison was among the first people to come up with an electric car in 1890. The popularity of these vehicles started growing in 1900. In the same period, the electric cars occupied a third of all the vehicles on the road in the United States. The electric car industry before 1900 was composed of the few models of the ancient innovators. For instance, Ferdinand Porsche developed an electric car in 1898 called P1. Today, Ferdinand Por sche is the founder of a sports car company. Companies started having an interest in the industry in the year 1900 after many factors convinced many companies to invest in an electric car. Such factors included the ever increasing costs of fuel and the environmental pollution by the cars that used gasoline. Henry Ford, who is the founder of the Ford Company, produced an electric car called Model T that came as a blow to the auto industry because it cost almost the same as any other car. For instance, in the year 1912, cars using gasoline cost $650 while the Model T car cost $1750. Due to increased development and discoveries of the gas oil, the production of electric cars declined until the 1960s when it revived. The cheap prices of gasoline had also made the demand for electric cars decrease hindering other companies from investing in the industry. In the 1970s, the American Motor Company and GM Motor Company produced electric cars. This signaled the revival of the electric car ind ustry.

A Love Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

A Love Story - Essay Example Interactions increased during the exam revision period as we got to know each other. With each meeting, I started admiring him more and more. He also had a good sense of humor while his smile made me go crazy. I felt drawn towards him as days passed. I also got the vibes that he too was keen to meet me. The next three months were spent in intense exchange of messages. I used to look forward to parties thrown by my friends because that would mean meeting Cheng. It was like as if I wanted there should a party every other day, so attracted I was towards him. About three months later, I decided to express my feelings to him and start a relationship. However, I also prepared myself for rejection from his side – I did not want to break down or shatter my life. So I told myself that even if he does not same feelings for me, we could continue to be good friends. This is because I liked him immensely as an individual and valued his friendship. I did not trust myself so I jotted down al l that I wanted to express and then called him up. I picked up the courage to call him up and â€Å"read† out my feelings, all the while nervous as a wreck. His silence further unnerved me. He then calmly conveyed that he was not ready for any steady relationship yet. A couple of days later we did meet again when we all went to the Adelaide show. While I was trying to be as natural as if nothing had happened, I could sense that he was trying to avoid eye contact with me. At times, he joked as if to cover up his emotions.

Event management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Event management - Essay Example 9). Events tend to have a range of social, cultural, political, economic and environmental impact on the regions and avenues where they are held and organized (Getz 2007). In that context, event management happens to be a large scale activity involving the processes and strategies as per which the events are planned, choreographed and presented. And, not to say, events do have the potential to have a positive or negative impact on the varied social, economic, cultural and political aspects of the environment amidst which an event is organized. The modern day events have a range of stakeholders associated with them and the events stakeholder management involves managing the expectations of any entity associated with an event or is bound to be impacted by the outputs or deliverables of an event (Business Tourism Partnership Mission 2007). Hence, event impact and events stakeholder management happen to be the integral aspects of events management process, taking care of which assures a seamless and viable management and delivery of any event. Event Impact Event impact in its scope tends to be a very broad based concept. Simply speaking event impact may be considered to be the consequences bore by the event environment including the human population in which any public or private event is held and the way in which an event alters the social life, economy, cultural aspects, political considerations and environment in which the event is organized and held (Maughan & Bianchini 2004). It goes without saying that any event always has an economic, social, cultural and environmental impact on the environment in which the event is organized (Dwyer, Forsyth & Spurr 2005). The ramifications of these impacts may be positive or negative. The present day events do not occur in isolation, but do tend to have interrelated interactions and links with a much larger picture involving leisure, hospitality industry, tourism, entertainment and environment (Lee & Taylor 2004). Events do tend to entice local and international visitors, who are either directly related to the production and organization of the event or tend to participate in a passive way as spectators (Small, Edwards & Sheridan 2005, pp. 67). Visitors affiliated to either of the two classifications may tend to consume and avail varied other industries and environments associated with an event, thereby having a direct impact on a variety of factors related to or associated with an event (Getz 2007b). Hence, it goes without saying that the contemporary events are replete with many associated impacts and consequences. Attendance tends to be the most visible and potent impact of an event that facilitates a direct assessment of an events popularity and coverage (Raj 2003). Besides, attendance is the entity that facilitates a basis for expecting and assessing a range of other impacts associated with any event (Raj 2003). Also, when it comes to the economic impact of any event, the organization of an event at a particular locale may give way to a range of economic impacts on the local and national economy (Connell & Page 2005, pp. 63). Thereby, economic impact of an event

High-Tech Olympics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

High-Tech Olympics - Essay Example One of the most interesting technologies presented in London Paralympics was running blades. From the enormous amount of money and time spent by researchers, the prosthetics have an ultimate purpose to improve the sports performance of people taking part in sports events. The other technology is the cheetah running blade which is the most desirable for sportsmen because of its high performance and extreme durability. The blades work like normal legs and can absorb high weight shock when running. Among other technologies used in the Olympics games, 2012 are the Olympic Torch, the design of the torch changes for each of the Olympics games. It includes two burners, an outer bright flame, and small inner blue flame; Quantum Aquatic Timers, which was created by OMEGA Company. This device has an improved resolution of 1 Â µs to the previous devices, so the resolution is about 100 times greater; Starting Blocks, which are used for starts in swimming; and TouchPads stopped by each swimmer through applying a pressure of about 1,5kg to 2,5kg. During the Olympic Games 2012, the cameras that were used include 3D HD, Driving Cameras, Sky Cameras, and Motion Cameras. As explained in the paper, the common method used to rank success of countries at the Olympic Games is a ranking order based first on the number of gold medals won, then silver and bronze. The planning and preparations for 2012 Olympic and Paralympics Games in London started four years before the opening ceremony. Identifyi ng the long-term impacts on people, communities, the economy and the environment are usually part of the planning. London became the first city which accepted games already the third time. The games were passed in London, the capital of Great Britain, from July 27 to August 12.

Canadas Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Canadas Economy - Essay Example In specific, Canada has also been one of the sufferers of economic recession and experts have specified that although there have been adverse effects of economic recession, however, Canadian authorities were very effective in overcoming issues and challenges, and thus, were and still are successful in running the Canadian economy in an efficient manner, especially since the past 2-3 years. While the Canadian government received applause from the economic analysts, they had to confront criticism from some experts as well, as they criticized that while running the economic matters of the country, authorities and especially the Bank of Canada have shown ineffectiveness and uselessness. While comparing performance of the Canadian government with G7 states, its graph is going down, and it is imperative that the government with collaboration of the Bank of Canada should take crucial steps to avoid the downfall that will result in adverse impact on different sectors of the country. For this purpose, the paper will try to identify and evaluate the role of the Bank of Canada and the government of Canada in running the economy. In addition, the paper will strive to converse about different economic changes brought in by these two contributors and runners of the Canadian economy. More specifically, economic policies and strategies of the Canadian government for the last two year s will be in scrutiny. Due to the wave of globalization, and most importantly, economic recession, economists are suggesting governments and banking sector to introduce policies that may complement global scenario of economic development rather than limiting to only regional economic development of the country. Studies related to the role of Canadian government have indicated that since the past 2-3 years, the government along with collaboration of the Bank of Canada has created their macro-economic policies on the same track, and the Canadian government is still

Evaluating UK Cigarette Market Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evaluating UK Cigarette Market - Case Study Example After all research is an interactive procedure and on occasions will need change of judgment every once in awhile. Some hew information will always try to expand the objectives but this should remain within the confines of the overall intention. B Identifying Markets by Segmentation - This is very important as segmentation or division of consumers by demography (age groups, ethnicity, religion etc) or geography (region, area, location etc) or personal differences (literacy levels, psychographic differences etc) will assist in later analysis which will show the market trends. C Developing Market-Driven Strategies - This will establish the research design through selecting and identifying the types of information to be collected and the sources to be used and finally to determine the instruments of research. The depth of the research (research design) can again be of three varieties namely D Data Types - There are two tpes of data. First is the Primary data that has to be collected by volunteers or professionals, as may be decided, and is to be collected through field work or mailers. Here questions are posed or sent to smokers and data collected as per sample questions given earlier. These methods include telephone surveys, mail surveys, personal interviews or group surveys.This will reveal the pattern and intensity of smoker's likes, preferences and habits. From this data collected over a period of time from all territories of UK a fair idea can be made of the smoker's locations, intensity, usage pattern, and preferences. The parameters can be widened or narrowed depending on the nature and focus of the enquiry to be undertaken. The second type of data called Secondary Data and is collected from Internet and Library resources. This is the information that already exists and can be a bit old. This data is also to be collated with the first type and gives more coverage. In case of differences in any one particular area or demography, it helps to find out why the change has occurred. Both types of research have a number of activities and methods of conducting research associated with them. Secondary research is usually faster and less expensive to obtain than Primary research. Data analysis is needed to give the raw data any meaning. The first step in analyzing the data is cleaning and classifying the data. This is the process of checking the raw data for verification of correct data entries. This data is then coded by assigning numerical

Operational Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Operational Plan - Essay Example In this regard, for AllPharm in its unique place, adaptability and inter-departmental integration seem to be the most important factors affecting how well AllPharm fulfils the requirements for meeting its target. Vision and Values As stated earlier the core objective of any for-profit organization is earning profit for its shareholders. However how this profit is desired to be earned over time is prescribed by the vision of its owners. The pharmaceutical industry is on a high in this era and is considered an ever-green industry – that sees up and downs but can never go into a recession because the medical needs of human beings never end. For this reason, AllPharm’s vision has a substantial emphasis on sustainability and growth. And because of this vision, its reputation among its customers and employer unions is vital to its long-term interests. This is why AllPharm has an assertive code of ethics that is intended to be followed by employees from top to bottom in its or ganizational hierarchy. The company has a stated policy that it â€Å"values its customers as human beings more than it wants to provide them value for service as customers.† It is mandatory for office managers to display a printed code of ethics on notice-boards in every office and on walls in the production facilities and laboratories. The Human Capital Management division staff is regularly briefed on the importance of incorporation of human attributes in addition to candidate portfolio in the selection criteria for hopeful applicants for jobs at the company. Upper Hierarchy There are broadly three floors of management in any sizable organization, namely the top or governance level, the departmental management and the lower or direct personnel management. For an effective top-down approach to governance it is imperative that every post have as few subordinates as possible; this is the basic principle of AllPharm’s administrative structure. The President has no more than two Directors working under him. Hence the operations of the company are divided into two main categories: Production and Marketing. Together the two Directors and the President comprise the executive branch in the organizational structure. The President’s main responsibilities include devising developmental policies based on continuing market research and resource availability, supervising the Quality Control department, moulding production practices based on the latest legal stipulations and allocating staff and resources based on his own judgement of the overall industrial scenario. The Directors each take care of completely separate functions of the organization and integration and communication between the two departments is maintained by the liaison officers of the Sales Department. Both the Directors are accountable for all their position-based responsibilities except looking after staff lower than that working directly under them. This is the crux of an employee relationship principle that AllPharm has adopted known in the organization as the â€Å"charity begins at home† principle. Service Structure In the mid-level management structure AllPharm has four General Managers, specifically for Manufacturing, and Quality Control, which fall under the supervision of

How should the set be constructed and designed in order to reflect Research Paper

How should the set be constructed and designed in order to reflect traditional Expressionist Theatre in a production of The Silver Tassie by Sean OCassey - Research Paper Example This thus makes second language acquisition difficult and slow. But a scientific factor as to why children learn second languages easier and quicker than adults is that children’s brains are flexible until they reach their teenage years in a process known as lateralization. Here the brain loses its flexibility by assigning specific roles to each side of the brain making learning hard and slow (VanPatten et al, 2004). This is also true in the learning of subjects as children catch up quickly and memorize unlike adults. This essay is going to review recent research findings related to how age affects the second language acquisition process mostly for English language learners that are new comers into the US. The language acquisition process is process where language is observed, grasped and produced by a child, which is the first language (Clark, 2001). The same process is used in the second language acquisition. The second language acquisition process has steps that it follows to learn. That is the child must learn the word, retain them, recall them and apply them constantly to be perfect (Birdsong, 2006). This steps cannot happen on their own since the child needs to first learn the language and this the child does by following some set of steps. These steps include Imitation, repetition, memorization, drilling and reinforcement. When a child is at this stage reinforcement is very productive and rewarding the child when they make good sentences or the correct words will enhance quick learning process of language acquisition. When this achieved it means that the child can now talk. The acquisition of the second language now comes into play and a theory is that a child’s learning of the first language is an insight to his learning the second language. This term was developed by a philosopher Noam Chomsky and it is abbreviated as UG. Chomsky in his theory suggests that human beings in general do not have to be taught language to acquire it but rather

Energy Drinks Introduction Essay Example for Free

Energy Drinks Introduction Essay Energy drinks refer to beverages that contain, besides calories, caffeine in combination with other presumed energy-enhancing ingredients such as taurine, herbal extracts, and B vitamins. They ? rst appeared in Europe and Asia in the 1960s in response to consumer demand for a dietary supplement that would result in increased energy (Reissig and others 2009). In 1962, a Japanese company, Taisho Pharmaceuticals, launched Lipovitan D, one of the very 1st energy drinks, which is still dominating the Japanese market. Lipovitan D contains B vitamins, taurine, and ginseng, which are all frequent constituents of mainstream energy drinks with the intended purpose of providing the consumer with sustained energy, and to reduce mental and physical fatigue (Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. 2009). Energy drinks did not make their way into the U. S. market until 1997 when Red Bull was ? rst introduced, which originated and was initially launched 10 y earlier in Austria (Reissig and others 2009). Since the 1960s, the energy drink market has grown into a multibillion-dollar business which has been reported as being the fastest growing segment in the beverage industry since bottled water (Agriculture and AgriFood Canada 2008). Energy drinks have established a viable position in the beverage market as evidenced by their commonplace consumption in the morning, afternoon, and night, not only by the general consumer, but those of age 18 to 34 in particular (Lal 2007). Athletes initially were the primary consumers of energy drinks. However, as the energy drink market grew and expanded into various niche markets, athletes are no longer the primary target. Today, the majority of energy drinks are targeted at teenagers and young adults 18 to 34 y old due to this generation’s on-the-go lifestyle and receptiveness to advertisements for these types of products (Lal 2007). While the energy drinks and shots market may be a small component of the non-alcoholic beverage industry, it is perhaps the most dynamic market—growing 60% from 2008-2012 according to Packaged Facts estimates in the all-new research report Energy Drinks and Shots: U. S. Market Trends. In 2012, total U. S. sales for the energy drinks and shots market was worth more than $12. 5 billion. Intense competition surrounds the beverage industry as marketers seek to increase market penetration and consumption frequency through positive alignment as a healthy and/or functional beverage. Thirst quencher/sports drinks remain the most formidable competitor for energy drinks as this type of beverage attracts a large constituency of energy drink users. Energy drinks are subject to competition from other energy-boosting beverages such as coffee and tea beverages, as well as an increasing number of new product innovations that tap into the energy trend but are outside of the beverage industry. At present, energy drinks have the lowest consumption rates of any RTD beverage—a point which reflects the market’s relative infancy but also its growth potential. Experian Simmons analysis shows the growth trend of this market, with the incidence of energy drink usage among adults rising from nearly 13% in 2006 to 17% in 2012. In addition, there is a modest segment of heavy users: 5% of adults consume energy drinks 5-7 times per month and less than 2% drink energy drinks 10 or more times. Packaged Facts estimates that energy drinks account for some 78% market share, followed by 18% for energy shots, and energy drink mixes (roughly 4%) in 2012. A few select marketers dominate the energy drinks and shots market. This demonstrates the first mover advantage in each category. The result is a market that is highly dependent on a handful of key brands, namely Red Bull, Monster Energy, 5-Hour Energy, and Rockstar Energy.

The Woodspurge Essay Example for Free

The Woodspurge Essay Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s â€Å"The Woodspurge† is a sixteen-line poem divided into four-line stanzas of iambic tetrameter that describe an unidentified grief-stricken narrator in an outdoor setting, who experiences a vivid heightening of sense perception during a time of intense psychic stress. In his depressed state, the narrator undergoes an unforeseen and unbidden, but clear and intense, visual experience of the woodspurge, a species of weed that has a three-part blossom. The poem’s first stanza presents a countryside that is geographically unspecified—an area of trees and hills—and begins to suggest the narrator’s state of mind. The narrator is not walking toward a specific destination; he moves in the direction the wind is blowing, and, once the wind ceases, he stops and sits in the grass. The fact that his walking and stopping are guided merely by the wind indicates aimlessness, passivity, and apathy. The narrator’s posture in the second stanza indicates that he feels exceedingly depressed, although there is no explanation given for his emotional state. Sitting on the grass he is hunched over with his head between his knees. His depression is so severe that he cannot even groan aloud or speak a work of grief (â€Å"My lips†¦said not Alas!†). His head is cast down, as is his soul—so much so that his hair is touching the grass. His physical state reflects his psychic paralysis as he remains motionless in this position for an unspecified length of time, but long enough so that he â€Å"hear[s] the day pass.† Although he is not trying to look around and seems oblivious to the country setting as a whole, the narrator remarks in the third stanza that his eyes are â€Å"wide open,† and this important fact becomes the inadvertent cause for his ensuing visual experience. From his seated position, he says there are â€Å"ten weeds† that his eyes can â€Å"fix upon.† Out of that group, a flowering woodspurge captures his complete attention, and he is dramatically impressed by the detail that it flowers as â€Å"three cups in one.† The narrator attributes his depressed state to â€Å"perfect grief† in the final stanza, but there is still no elaboration as to its cause. He then comments, first, that grief may not function to bring wisdom or insight and may not even be remembered, and, second, implies that he himself learned nothing from his grief that day and can no longer remember its cause. However, â€Å"One thing then learnt remains†: He had been visually overwhelmed by the shape of the woodspurge, and, consequently, its image and the fact that â€Å"The woodspurge has a cup of three† have been vividly burned into his memory forever. Forms and Devices The short, simple lyric, focusing on sadness of some kind, was a popular genre for Victorian poets, as it had been earlier for the Romantic poets at the beginning of the nineteenth century. For Rossetti, it was a genre that suited his ideal of simplicity in poetry. Rossetti’s choice of imagery, diction, rhythm, and rhyme demonstrates a simplicity that mirrors—and therefore underscores—the narrator’s state of mind. The images are simple; the tree, hill, grass, weeds, and sun have no descriptors of any kind. There are no metaphors, similes, or other figures of speech; nature is presented in broad brushstrokes without ornamentation. It is only when the narrator accidentally fixes his gaze upon the woodspurge that any specific details come forth, and, even then, it is only the shape of the flower that is of any concern. Rossetti’s use of nature tends to the particular, not the universal; the experience of his narrator, thus, occurs through an interplay with a very narrow, concentrated, and specific part of nature. Rossetti’s unadorned presentation of nature mutes the setting, forcing it into the background, and causes the narrator’s mental and emotional state to emerge as the central focus. The bare minimum of description functions to signal to the reader that the narrator himself is oblivious to the details of his surroundings because his mind is focused elsewhere. The only record of his awareness of his environment, before his dramatic visual experience of the woodspurge, is that he walked when the wind was blowing and that he sat when that external impetus ceased. His reference in the first stanza to the wind having been â€Å"Shaken out dead from tree and hill† introduces the thought of death, establishing a negative tone that suggests that the narrator’s internal state is negative. Another poetic device that maintains simplicity in the poem—and yet functions to express sadness or sorrow—includes Rossetti’s use of monosyllabic words. All but one word in the first stanza are monosyllables, causing the movement to be slowed to a plodding pace to initially signal a rhythmic parallel for the narrator’s inner state. With each of the next three stanzas consisting primarily of monosyllabic words, the poem’s tempo continues to be retarded. This consistently slowed rhythm throughout the poem creates a dirge-like effect that mirrors the narrator’s mood. There is one common end rhyme in each stanza (aaaa, bbbb, cccc), suggesting a dullness, a lack of variety, or a paralysis in the rhyme that reflects the paralysis in the narrator resulting from his psychic state. The word â€Å"wind† is repeated four times in the first stanza, and the end rhyme for the first and fourth lines of this stanza repeats the same word, â€Å"still.† This deliberate repetition of words and of simple rhymes also functions to maintain the simplicity of the poem and is consistent with its simple imagery and vocabulary. Themes and Meanings In September, 1848, Rossetti, along with other fellow painters such as John Everett Millais and William Holman Hunt, founded the Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood, whose goal was a return to simplicity, to a direct presentation of nature, and to faithfulness and accuracy in detail. The name was derived from the Italian Renaissance painter Raphael, who was a symbol for them of a departure from the simplicity of presentation and the use of bright colors, which produced a direct emotional effect in pre-Renaissance paintings. The ideals of this group were applied to poetry as well as to painting: simplicity of syntax, imagery, and diction, with themes that concentrated on the experience of sense perception and created emotional resonance. Although â€Å"The Woodspurge† has a plant’s name as its title, the poem does not have nature, or even the woodspurge itself, as its subject. Nature does play an indirect role in the poem, but it is not the focus here or in other works by Rossett i. Both in his painting and in his poetry, the function of nature is to act as a background for the presentation of human action and emotion. The depiction of details from nature, although precise and accurate, is not meant to draw attention to nature itself but to mirror a psychic state or inner experience. â€Å"The Woodspurge† does not tell a story or embody an ethical or moral lesson; it does not deal with contemporary issues or events. It is removed from any cultural or historical context and—more concerned with emotion than ideology—aims to express a universal human experience, the paradox of intense sense perception during times of emotional numbness. The possibility that the three-in-one nature of the woodspurge—which could recall the Christian concept of the Trinity or the concept of unity in diversity—might symbolize a higher truth and thus be a consolation for the speaker’s grief is not given any space in the poem. The woodspurge’s shape is a botanical fact, of interest particularly to a painter’s eye, but it points to no significance beyond its sheer existence in the material realm. It functions as an example of a detail or image that can remain vivid after emotional stress has been left behind and forgotten. Rossetti’s tendency to focus on intense sensual experience rather than to illustrate truth or meaning is evident here. Although the cause of the narrator’s sorrow is never specified, the poem was written in the spring of 1856 when Rossetti was in an anguished state. He was experiencing intense strife with Elizabeth (â€Å"Lizzie†) Siddal, the chief model he had used for many of his paintings since 1850, over the issue of her desire for marriage. (He eventually married her in 1860.) Rossetti was also tormented at that time about relationships with other women and with what he perceived as lost artistic opportunities. However, nothing in the poem points to these specific issues. By leaving the cause of the narrator’s depression unspecified, Rossetti gives universal expression to the psychological phenomenon of acute mental awareness and heightened sensation simultaneous with mental and emotional distress. Although Rossetti’s later poetry is more ornate, complex, and difficult both in style and in content, â€Å"The Woodspurge† concentrates on sense perception, accuracy of detail (including botanical accuracy), and the use of nature as a framework for the expression of the mental and emotional state of the narrator. Its simplicity in theme and poetic devices makes it a superb demonstration of the tenets of Pre-Raphaelite poetry.

Spatial-temporal Analysis of Land Market in Urban Fringe

Spatial-temporal Analysis of Land Market in Urban Fringe 1. Research context There is a widespread deem that urbanisation is the outcome of the configuration of modern human society. The 19th century, which assumed to be the era of modernization all over the world, has experienced rapid urbanisation. For instance, urban population has increased from less than 14 percent to more than 50 percent of the worlds population during 1900-2000 and if this growth continues, urban population in the world will arrive at 4.72 -5.00 billion in 2030 (increase of 48.61-57.84 percent comparing to the current population) comparing to 6.835-8.135 billion (18.71 percent) increase in total population and 3.348-3.267 billion (2.42 percent) decrease in rural population. Nevertheless, the devastating situation will be at the developing countries, where the urban population growth is forecasted to be 74.17 percent in 2030 comparing to the current population (Zhang, 2008). Interestingly, maximum of this urban population agglomeration is in largest cities, especially megaciites (Li, 20 03) and these megacities are growing at an unprecedented rate. For example, in 1950 there were only 4 megacities, which increase to 28 in 1980, 39 in 2002; and 59 in 2015 (UN 2002). Then the question arises which criteria define the megacities. Some urban geographers tried to define the megacities based on the global economic power or influence. With the exception of Lo and Yeungs (1998) ‘Globalization and the World of Large Cities, which includes Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Cairo and Johannesburg, and more recently systematic work by Taylor (2000), Lo and Marcotullio (2000), Taylor and Walker (2001) and Shin and Timberlake (2000) much of these works (Friedmann, 1986; Sassen, 2004) have either focused on the developed world or merely mentioned ‘megacities in the developing world (Yulong and Hamnett, 2002). However, an extensive debate has still been going on the definition of megacities. United Nations categorize the megacities with population of 8 millions while Asian Development Bank extends the population limit to 10 million along with other characteristics such as complex economy and integrated transport system. Thus, discussion takes into account the ‘population greater than 10 millions as an indicator of megacities. According to the World Population Report 2001 by UNFPA, currently there are 19 megacities such as Tokyo (26.4 millions), Mexico City (18.1 millions), Mumbai (18.1 millions), Sà £o Paulo (17.8 millions), Shanghai (17 millions), New York (16.6 millions), Lagos (13.4 millions), Los Angeles (13.1 millions), Calcutta (12.9 millions), Buenos Aires (12.6 millions), Dhaka (12.3 millions), Karachi (11.8 millions), New Delhi (11.7 millions), Jakarta (11 millions), Osaka (11 millions), Metro Manila (10.9 millions), Beijing (10.6 millions), Reo de Janeiro (10.6 millions) and Cairo (10.6 millions). Still there is a controversy about the geographical extent of these megacities. Even some of these megacities are growing on forming the urban corridors (Tokyo-Yokohama-Nagoya-Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto Shinkansen in Japan, Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan in northeastern China; and the Mumbai-Pune development corridor in India) and urban mega-clusters (national capital Region of Delhi, Dhaka, and Metro Manila; Karachi mega-urban region, Bangkok-Thonburi metropolitan region, and Jakarta-Bogor-Tangerang-Bekasi region). This continuing growth of megacities is now the burning research topic of the policy makers as well as international communities (Renaud, 1981; UN, 1993) and different policies are already been applied to counterpart this rapid urbanisations in megacities such as China, Egypt, Brazil, Korea, Mexico, and China have promoted different promotional programs (e.g. dual track urban system) for patronizing the medium size cities in their respective country level (Henderson, 2002; Ades and Glaeser, 1995). Still a comprehensive strategy needs to be initiated in order to counterpart the unprecedented rate of urbanisation and urban agglomeration. 2. Overall aim and objectives The overall aim of the thesis is to determine the economic value of land at the urban fringe of a megacity in developing country. Based on the aim, the objectives are categorised into two broad areas theoretical objectives and empirical objectives. Theoretical objectives To examine the extent of influence of urbanisation process, and land acquisition and speculation, by both the public and private sectors, on the dynamics of urban agglomeration or urban sprawl. To examine the changing urban spatial patterns of the megacites due to sprawl and to explain them within the framework of different urban growth theories. To examine the nature, characteristics, and dynamics of urban land and the land market within which land assembles, urban renewal, gentrification and development has taken place. To identify different spatio-temporal econometric methods for determining land price. Empirical objectives To develop an economic instrument, considering both spatial and temporal aspects of land, for understanding the dynamics of the land price at urban fringe of a megacity in developing country To determine the extent of influence of environmental attributes on the price of urban-rural interface lands. 3. Methodology In order to attain the objectives, the research will be carried out by following the comprehensive methodology, the structure of which is given below: The detail of the methodology and structure of the chapters to attain the objectives is given below: Objectives Methodology Organizati-on of chapters Objective 1: Definition of urbanisation and urban agglomeration; reasons; challenges; trend of urbanisation in developed and developing countries; growth pattern of different hierarchy of urban settlements; socio-economic, political and physical characteristics of urban settlements; economic, institutional, and political factors of rural-urban migration; government policies and urban politics in the context of urbanisation and urban agglomeration; concept, nature, characteristics and dynamics of megacities; spatial pattern of megacities; cases and consequences of rapid urbanisation and urban space challenges especially in megacities. Literature review of journal, books and reports of different organisations working on urbanisation and urban agglomeration Chapter 2 Objective 2: Urban land economic theories (such as classical theories, neo-classical theories, new economic geographic theories, and new institutional economic theories) in the context of urbanisation and urban agglomeration Literature review of journal and books Chapter 3 Objective 3: Dynamics of urban land market, urban land politics, actors of urban land politics, contemporary urban land regulatory mechanisms and their acceptability in different contexts, planning mechanisms for controlling land conversion or development at the urban fringe, land acquisition process, government strategy for land ceiling standard and land speculation, actors controlling the land market, impact of land use change on the wetlands and agricultural lands at urban fringe and challenges for attaining sustainability. Literature review of journal, books, reports of different organisations, and government policies, strategic plans, rules, and regulations. Chapter 4 Objective 4: Different types of spatio-temporal econometric methods for determining the land price at urban fringe Literature review of journal and books. Software for Spatio-temporal autoregressive analysis Chapter 5 Objective 5: variables or attributes explaining land market at urban fringe, compatible econometric instrument for drawing the equation of land market at urban fring Application of spatio-temporal econometric model for regression analysis Chapter 8 Objective 6: economic valuation of environmental attributes and its influence on the land market at urban fringe 4. Theoretical framework Various factors are attributed to the urbanisation in megacities such as rural-urban migration (Goldstein, 1990; Chan, 1994a,1994b; Rempel, 1996; Ma, 1999), natural population increase and even the government policies (Lo, 1994; Sit, 1995; Lin, 2004; Bloom et al., 2008) on foreign direct investment (Sit and Yang, 1997; Shen, 1999; Shen et al., 2000), expansion of tertiary industries (Lin, 2002) and economic transition (Gu and Wall, 2007). This section explores the reasons behind the urbanisation and urban agglomeration in megacities, and spatial patterns of megacities. Economic development There is a significant positive correlation between the economic development and urbanisation (Henderson, 2003), which can better be explained by the hypothesis of Williamson (1965) (Hansen, 1990). Due to the economic development of the city, the significant amount of industries are concentrated within the city core and this upshots in development of knowledge, skills, and economic infrastructure which leads to development of physical structures such as transport and communications. This physical development make obligatory to the investors or manufacturers to recalculate the cost-benefit analysis of the geographical locations of their industries taking into account the external and internal economies of scale- resulting in urban expansion or deconcentration of industries from the urban core (El-Shakhs, 1972; Alonso, 1980; Wheaton and Shishido, 1981; Junius, 1999; Davis and Henderson, 2003; Barro and Sala-I-Martin, 1991, 1992; Kuznets, 1966; Abramovitz, 1989; Easterlin, 2000). This a rgument is vivid by reviewing different literatures on the economic growth and urbanisation in megacities (Aguilar and Ward, 2003; Firman, 1997; Fanni, 2006). However, the basic assumption of urbanisation is the rural-urban migration. According to the western economists, urbanisation/ rural-urban migration is the resultant of increase in the productivity of agricultural sector and the increasing demand for labour needed by an expanding industrial sector. This economic model was adopted for the western economics, which was later tried to adopt in the urbanisation pattern of the third world countries by Lewis (1994). Nevertheless, the increasing rural-urban migration, despite the high unemployment and underemployment situation in urban areas of developing countries, raises the question of its validity. Later on, comparative evaluation of expected wage rates between urban and rural (by Harris-Todaro migration model), and present value of expected benefits and costs (by Sjaasted migration model) were identified as the key economic factors of urbanisation process. Brueckner and Zenou (1999) and Brueckner and Kim (2001) have incorporate the effe cts of land price escalation due to the migration within the Harris-Todaro model. Furthermore, classical economists (e.g. (Gordon, 1975; Petty, 1683; Yang, 1991; Yang and Rice, 1994; Sun, 2000; Sun and Yang, 2002; Zhang and Zhao, 2004) and neo-classical economists (e.g. Fujita-Krugman, 1995; Helpman, 1998; Lowry, 1966) try to project the ‘division of labor and production, and ‘economies of scale as the basic economic prerequisite of urbanisation respectively. Government policies and urban politics After the economic development, the next significant characteristic of urbanisation in megacities is government interventions or policies (Renaud, 1981; Ades and Glaeser, 1995; Moomaw and Shatter, 1996; Henderson and Becker, 2000; Davis and Henderson, 2003) by sometimes prioritizing the megacities over other cities during decisive policymaking (Fujita et al., 1999). This may cause because of their political significance and interest of the elites and bureaucrats (such as in Bangkok, Mexico City, Jakarta, and Paris, Sà £o Paulo). For promoting economic development in the megacities, the government (either national or local) of concerned countries sometime has taken promotion strategies such as in Shanghai, China (Cai, 1995; Han, 2000; Fu, 2001); Jakarta, Indonesia (Firman, 2000; Goldblum and Wong, 2000; Henderson and Kuncoro, 1996; Kaiser, 1999); Manila, Philippines (Kelly, 2003; Bankoff, 1996; Sidel, 1999); Mumbai and Delhi, India (Valerie, 1999); Cairo, Egypt (Sutton and Fahmi, 200 1); and even in London, Paris and New York (Lever, 1997; Short and Kim, 1999; Tickell, 1998).. However, the impact of dynamic government polices on urbanisation and urban agglomeration is most acute in China such as ‘Socialist Economic theory based urban-biased Hukou system during the ‘pre-reform period (Oi, 1993; Naughton, 1996; Zhang and Zhao, 2004; Chan, 1994a, 1996; Gu and Shen, 2003; Sit, 1995; Harrison, 1972; Murphey, 1974; Ma, 1976; Nolan and White, 1984; Prybyla, 1987; Kirkby, 1985; Kang, 1993; Chan, 1994b; Liu, 1999; Ma and Fan, 1994; Buck, 1981; Parish, 1987; Ofer, 1977; Konrad and Szelenyi, 1977; Ronnas and Sjoberg, 1993; Sjoberg, 1999; Kirkby, 1985; Kang, 1993; Chan, 1994b; Solinger, 1999; Lieberthal, 1995; Fallenbuchl, 1977; Zhang and Zhao, 1998; National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2000; Konrad and Szelenyi, 1977; Ofer, 1977, 1980; Musil, 1980; Murray and Szelenyi, 1984), especially in China (Cell, 1979; Orleans, 1982; Whyte, 1983; Ran and Berry, 1989; Ebanks and Cheng, 1990; Yu, 1995; Tang, 1997; Song and Timberlake, 1996; Lin, 1998; Dong and Putt erman, 2000). Later on, ‘post-reform policy also boosted the urbanisation by encouraging the foreign and private investments in megacities (Banister and Taylor, 1989; Shen and Spence, 1995; Shen, 2002; Shen et al., 2006). However, the national or local government is not solely responsible for urbanisation, urban development as well as urban expansion. Then the question is: Who runs the cities? Government interventions or policies in the urban strategic planning for political significance and interest of the elites and bureaucrats are proverbial in the cities of both developed and developing world (Renaud, 1981; Ades and Glaeser, 1995; Moomaw and Shatter, 1996; Henderson and Becker, 2000; Davis and Henderson, 2003). This is why; urban theorists are focusing on urban politics rather than on economic attributes in formulating state policies for urban development (Sites, 1997; Cockburn, 1977; Castells, 1979; Stone, 1993; 1998). Nevertheless, the influence of urban politics in urban planning priorities in different parts of the world is very complicated because urban politics are viewed from different perspectives. State-centred perspective argued for key role of government, autonomy of the state or the lo cal state and pre-eminence of political attributes in strategic planning (Steinmo, 1989; King, 1995; Thornley, 1998; Evans et al., 1985; Gurr and King, 1987), while coalition politics (Stone, 1987, 1989, 1993; Sites, 1997; Elkin, 1987; Harding, 1994; Gurr and King, 1987; Turner, 1992; DiGaetano and Klemanski, 1993; Orren and Skowronek, 1994) argued for public-private partnership for implementing planning strategies because either for the vulnerability of local government in inter-city economic competition or for the division of labour. This is why; various urban theorists (Park and Burgess, 1925; Dahl; 1967; Wirth, 1969; Jacobs; 1969; 1984; Saunders, 1983; Rae, 2004), who tried to entangle urban politics within their own theories, either failed or misinterpret the urban planning practices. The basic controversy of urban politics lies within two distinct definitions of community power (Polsby, 1980; Harding, 1995; Judge, 1995) power within communities and the power of communities (Harding, 1997). The first is concerned with ‘social production and ‘power to while the latter on is with ‘social control and ‘power over (Stone, 1989). ‘Power within communities, also known as ‘urban regime prompts integration or political coalition of civic groups and public institutions (Dowding et al. 1999; Shefter, 1985; Elkin, 1987; Stone and Sanders, 1987; Mollenkopf, 1992; Turner, 1992; Di Gaetano and Klemanski, 1993; Davies 2001, 2003; Stone, 1989, 2002, 2005; Peck and Tickell, 1995) at different levels of intensity and clarity (Stone, 2005) for economic development and physical regeneration or gentrification (Harding, 1997; Elkin, 1987; Stone and Sanders, 1987; Stone, 1989) and urban growth machines (Molotch, 1976, 1990; Logan and Molotch, 1987; Mo lotch and Logan, 1990). On the other hand, ‘power of communities is more concerned about the acting power of the actors rather than coalitions and is defined by elite and pluralist theories. Beyond the community power debate, another significant factor of citys strategic planning is the politics of globalization (Harding, 1997), which strengthens subnational autonomy and declines national importance (Ohmae, 1993). This can be elucidated by evaluating the role of business sectors on the local civic life of US and European cities. For instance, business-sectors of US cities are remarkably organized, who have strong influence on land ownership and land use planning, taxation and revenue distribution, private credit and public borrowing (Stone, 2005), election campaigns of local as well as national political leaders (Elkin, 1987) and resulting in they are within the governing system. Furthermore, the weaker capital investment by local government has persuaded for effective regime (Davis, 2003). Encouraged by the successful history of urban regime in US, Thatcher government took an ambitious initiative to install this US policy within new dimension of urban regeneration partnerships in UK (Berger and Foster, 1982; Boyle, 1985; Ward, 1996; Wolman, 1992) without resolving three questions What will be the role of development coalitions in the city politics as a whole? What types of private-sector act ivities will lead business-sector involvement in the coalitions? How can the activity balance between public and private sector be achieved? (Harding, 1997). Furthermore, some urban scholars attempted to exploit the regime concept in the European contexts (Vicari and Molotch, 1990; Harding, 1994; Kantor et al., 1997; Di Gaetano and Klemanski, 1999; Mossberger and Stoker, 2000; Zhang, 2002). The US policy was not possible to adopt in the UK context because of the powerful role of central government in the urban politics (Thornley, 1998), lack of bargaining power of urban government, reluctance of local business actors in coalitions (Peck and Tickell, 1995; Davis, 2003). This is why; the attempt has been resulted in different collaborative mechanisms, which were explained by different theories such as Rhodes and Marsh (1992) model of policy network analysis by Stoker and Mossberger (1994), integration of regulation and regime theory by Harding (1994) and Lauria (1997). Urban politics in the context of developing countries (e.g. Brazil, Mexico, Nigeria, Egypt, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan) are almost similar to the politics of UK rather stronger role of national government and local government. Either military government or monarch or autocrats reined most of these countries throughout the major portion of their history after independence and they have a close tie with the business elites and bureaucrats. Eventually, the business elites and bureaucrats are influencing the urban policy agendas behind the scene. Nevertheless, the context of socialist China is quite complicated, which can be categorized within pre-reform era (before 1978) and post-reform era (from 1978 till today). Urban politics during the pre-reform period was solely contracted by the national government. After the reform policy, the national government had decentralize their economic and political powers among the local government and influential actors. H owever, the interesting thing is that ‘a clever fox is hiding inside the reform policy by controlling the property ownership, leaving the economic burden to the local government, strongly linking the vertical tie at the government level. Locational economies of production and class segregation The urbanisation of a city can be a consequence of social division of labour and industrial diversification (Harvey, 1973; Henderson, 2002; Scott, 1986; Weber, 1899; Haig, 1927; Allen, 1929; Perrin, 1937; Florence, 1948; Wise, 1949; Lampard, 1955; Hoover and Vernon, 1959; Hall, 1962; Tsuru, 1963; Sjoberg, 1965; Thiry, 1973; Webber, 1984). This can better be conceptualized by considering vertical and horizontal integration and disintegration of production and labor forces. In case of vertical and horizontal disintegration, the industries or firms try to be concentrated within the core region of a city because various economies of scales (Coase, 1937; Holmes, 1986; Richardson, 1972; Scott, 1983; Pye, 1977) and this was obvious at the earier stage of megacities of developed countries such as New York, London and Paris. On the contrary, when the vertical and horizontal integration of firms or products is strong both in spatial and temporal aspects, geographical expansion of city are more likely to be happened because of internal and external economies of scale (Scott, 1980; Brook et al., 1973; Gilmour, 1971; Abernathy et al., 1983; Piore and Sabel, 1984). Moreover, urbanisation in megacities is dependent on the type of products such as gold and diamond in Rio de Janeiro, coffee in Sà £o Paulo, manufacturing industries in Seoul, tertiary activities in London, Beijing, Shanghai, Tokyo (Duranton and Puga, 2001; Waley, 2009; Mukherjee, 1990; Banerjee, 1985; Glaeser et al., 1995; Lee and Kang, 1989; Lee et al., 2007; Godfrey, 1999). Locational preference Most of the megacities are located at the coastal areas[1] because of their strategic geographical location which offer the advantages of trade, communication, and living environment (Godfrey, 1995; Vance 1990). Presently, 60 percent (nearly 3 billion people) or half of the worlds population lives within 100 km or 60km of the shoreline respectively (Yeung, 2001; Hinrichsen, 1990) and it is estimated that this population will be doubled within the upcoming 30 years among which coastal megacities will contribute the lion share of population (Li, 2003). Furthermore, the number of coastal megacities will be increased to 36 from the existing 16 at the year of 2015 of them 30 will be in developing countries and 22 will be in Asia (Kullenberg, 1999). Sometimes policy makers prepare the economic development plans giving prime focus on the coastal cities (Yeung and Hu, 1992) because it is comparatively less perilous to promote economic development plans in coastal cities because of its good a nd cheap communication and already established structures and physical infrastructures. On the other hand, capital cities get also locational advantages because of the center of institutions, organizations, information and culture such as Beijing (Yulong and Hamnett, 2002), Metro Manila (Cuervo and Hin, 1998), Delhi, Dhaka, and Jakarta. Colonial influence Most of the megacities were under the different European colonies such as British, Spanish, French and Portuguese. Historically, European colonials developed these megacities for their defensive and trade functions. For example, apprehension about French incursions, the Portuguese founded Rio de Janeiro in 1565 (Godfrey, 1999); before Spanish era (1521-1898), Manila was the entry-port of Chinese, Indians and Arabian merchants (Cuervo and Hin, 1998); Bombay, Calcutta and Madras are trade oriented port cities due to British colonial legacy; New York was used as commercial center by the Portuguese colonial. Land speculation and real estate development Land conversion is a normal part of urban development in both developed and developing world (Pierce, 1981; Lockeretz, 1989; Tsai, 1993; Winoto, 1996; Kustiwan, 1997; Yeh and Li, 1999; Grigg, 1995). Nevertheless, land speculation by real estate developers has been observed at an alarming rate in Mexico City, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Jakarta, Metro Manila and megacities of developing countries (Deng, et al., 2008; Arcadis Euroconsult, 1999; Leaf, 1991, 1993; Akbar and Subroto, 1999; Firman, 2000; Bouteiller and Fouquier, 1995; Goldblum and Wong, 2000). Spatial pattern of urbanisation in megacities Megacities had grown to become primate cities at the earlier stage of urbanisation (Parai and Dutt, 1994; McGee and Greenberg, 1992). Megacities now present more polycentric spatial expansion of urban centers and sub-centers following a network pattern that tends to sprawl along major highways and/or railroad lines radiating out from the urban core (Aguilar and Ward, 2003). However, megacities have passed over four stages of urbanisation urbanisation, suburbanisation, counterurbanisation and reurbanisation (Champion, 2001; Van der Berg et al., 1982; Klaassen et al., 1981; Schweitzer and Steinbrink, 1998) ‘cyclic model. In case of ‘urban centre hierarchy, the consecutive phases of urbanisation can be illustrated as a diffusive wave of differential urbanisation (Pacione, 2001; Geyer and Kontuly, 1993) ( 5). The first phase (U) explains the concentration of population in the central city due to rapid rural-urban migration, while the second phase (S) shows an increasing population at its urban periphery and decreasing population at the central city. Third phase (D) shows decreasing of population both in central city and urban periphery and the final stage shows increasing of population at both locations. The first phase (U) explains increasing population in Primary city and intermediate city but decreasing population in the small cities. In the second phase of counterurbanisation (C), reversal situation of first phase is happening after a certain time. In the final, changing rate of net migration is falling down in case of all size of cities. However, the population of primary city will continue to growth for a certain time thereafter it will fall. On the other hand, the population of intermediate city will reach to the optimum level while population of small cities are still growing. Megacities in Latin America Mexico City, Buenos Aires, Santiago, and Sà £o Paulo are in suburbanisation stage because of the continuation of heavy concentration of production activities and population in the urban core and expanding towards sub-urban areas or fringe areas (Farà ­a 1989; Sassen 1994; Pereira 1967; Caldeira 1996; Aguilar and Ward, 2003; Gwynne, 1985; UNCHS, 1996; Aguilar, 1999a and 1999b; Campolina 1994; Parnreiter, 2002; Ward, 1998; Vance, 1990). There is different argument about the urbanisation stage of Latin American megacities such as Townroe and Keene (1984) and Gilbert (1993) claim that megacities of Latin America are in counterurbanisation stage as the secondary city growth is underway with a polycentric urban form suggestive of polarization reversal with the growth of intermediate sized cities leading to a more balanced national urban structure. Megacities of Southeast Asian are also in suburbanisation stage because of the fusion of urban and rural functions that is a mix of rural and urban activities in peri-urban areas and known as extended metropolitan region (desakota) (Gingsburg et al., 1991; McGee and Robinson, 1995; Firman, 1996; Forbes, 1997; Murakami et al., 2005). However, Beijing is still quite monocentric, and its CBD continues to contain a large share of the metropolitan areas total employment, largely because of the centrality of various urban amenities, and because of the concentration of government activities in Beijing (Zheng and Kahn, 2008). On the other hand, other megacities of China Shanghai and Guangzhou are shifting their urban spatial pattern from monocentric form to polycentric form. Lagos of Nigeria is still in urbanisation stage and there are no evidence of meta-urban or peri-urban development (Briggs and Mwamfupe, 2000; Yeboah, 2000) rather city growth is contained within clearly defined boundaries. Megacities in Western Europe and United States are the stage of reurbanisation (Antrop, 2000, 2004) such as Paris (Sallez and Burgi, 2004; Cavailhes et al., 2004), New York (Godfrey, 1995; Preston and McLafferty, 1993), and London (Bendixson, 2004). 5. Research Timeframe for initial 9 months Activity schedule Time Frame Oct- 09 Nov- 09 Dec- 09 Jan- 10 Feb-10 Mar-10 Apr-10 May-10 June-10 Conceptualization Discussion on the context, key features and material sources of the research Chapter 1: Theoretical framework on the contextual terminologies on urbanisation and agglomeration Chapter 1: Fixation of aims and objectives, and development of methodology and research structure Preparation and presentation of 100-days viva Chapter 2: (objective 1) Literature review Chapter 3: (objective 2) Literature review 6. Research Timeframe for 3 years Activity schedule Time Frame 2009 2010 2011 2012 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Conceptualization Discussion on the context, key features and material sources of the research Literature Review stage Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Empirical stage Sample size formulation Primary data collection Secondary data collection Data verification, editing and input Chapter 6: Methodology Chapter 7: Data analysis Chapter 8: Objective 5 and 6 Evaluation and conclusion Chapter 9: Findings Chapter 10: Recommendations and Implementation guidelines Chapter 11: Conclusion Final presentation and submission 7. References Abernathy, W. J., Clark, K. B., and Kantrow, A. M. (1983). Industrial renaissance: Producing a competitive future for America. New York: Basic Books. Abramovitz, M. (1989). Thinking about Growth: And Other Essays on Economic Growth and Welfare. New York: Cambridge University Press. Ades, A. F., and E. L. Glaeser. (1995). â€Å"Trade and Circuses: Explaining Urban Giants,† Quarterly Journal of Economics 110, 195-227. Aguilar, A G (1999a). â€Å"Mexico City growth and regional dispersal: the expansion of largest cities and new spatial forms,† Habitat International 23(3), 391-412. Aguilar, A G (1999b). â€Å"La Ciudad de Me ´xico en la Region Centro. Nuevas Formas de la Expansio ´n Metropolitana†. In: Transiciones. La Nueva Formacio ´n Territorial de la Ciudad de Mà ©xico, (eds.) J. Delgado and B. RamÄ ±Ã‚ ´rez, pp. 147-169. Programa de Investigacion Metropolitana-UAM, Plaza y Valdez, Mexico. Aguilar, A. G., and Ward, P. M. (2003). â€Å"Globalization, regional development, and mega-city expansion in Latin America: analyzing Mexico citys peri-urban hinterland,† Cities 20 (1), 3-21. Akbar, D. B., and Subroto B., 1999. â€Å"Northern bandung area development† Unpublished Paper, Department of Regional and City Planning, Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesian. Alonso, W. (1980). â€Å"Five Bell Shapes in Development,† Papers of the Regional Science Associations, 45, 5-16. Antrop, M., (2000). â€Å"Changing patterns in the urbanized countryside of Western Europe,† Landsc. Ecol. 15, 257-270. Antrop, M. (2004). â€Å"Landscape change and the urbanisation process in Europe†. Landscape and Urban Planning, 67, 9-26. Arcadis Euroconsult, 1999. â€Å"Land aquisition and development control† Final Report, National Planning Agency and Land Development Agency, Jakarta. Banerjee, N. (1985). Women Workers in the Unorganized Sector: The Calcutta Experience. Hyderabad: Sangain Books. Banister, J., and Taylor, J. R. (1989). â€Å"China: surplus rural labour and migration,† Asia-Pacific Population Journal, 4(4), 3-20. Bankoff, G. (1996). â€Å"Legacy of the past, promise of

GOOD STUFF :: essays research papers

April 19, 2001--Tennessee State University has renamed the Heiman Street Residential Complex the Harold E. Ford Sr. and John N. Ford Residential Complex. The Ford brothers were joined by other family members for ceremonies help April 18 on the grounds of the complex. "It is wonderful to see so many senators here today; we can hold a budget meeting right now," Harold Ford said, as he pointed out dignitaries in the audience. They included Lieutenant Governor John Wilder, Deputy Governor Wendell Moore, Senator Gene Elsea, Senator Doug Henry, Senator James Kyle Jr., and Senator Randy McNally. After receiving commemorative gifts, the Fords surprised the audience with a gift to Tennessee State of $500,000. "This is a truly outstanding donation, and the Fords can be sure Tennessee State University will put it to good use," said TSU President James Hefner. There are 12 siblings in the Ford family, most of whom graduated from Tennessee State University. On hand for the presentation were brother Joe Ford; sisters Joyce Ford Miller and Ophelia Ford; nephews James Ford Jr. and Edmund Ford; and Autumn Ford, John Ford’s daughter. Harold Ford Jr., U.S. Representative, relayed his regrets for not being able to attend, as did Governor Don Sundquist and former vice president Al Gore. "I am proud today," said Lt. Gov. Wilder. "Is it because of the bricks and mortar we are recognizing today? No, though we need bricks and mortar. Is it because of Tennessee State University? No, though that is reason to be proud. "I am proud because I look back to Purdy, Tennessee, where Otis Floyd [former president of Tennessee State University] attended school in a one-room schoolhouse. He let me walk by his side. I am proud when I think of Odell Horton [United States District Judge for the Western District of Tennessee] working in a cotton patch in Hardin County. He let me walk by his side. But nothing makes me prouder than this family. I love you; God bless you." U.S. Representative Harold Ford Sr. became the first African American from the state of Tennessee to be elected to Congress and served from 1975 until his retirement in 1997. Senator John N. Ford has served in the Tennessee State Senate since 1974. He has been a key supporter of Tennessee State University throughout his legislative tenure and played a significant role during the development of the $112 million master plan for campus improvement. Both Congressman Ford and Senator Ford are alumni of TSU who have continually supported the university throughout their careers.

Statement of Educational Goals and Philosophy :: My Philosophy of Education

Statement of Educational Goals and Philosophy Henry Ford, Ben Franklin, Thomas Edison, and Abraham Lincoln. What do these four men have in common? First they are considered geniuses. Second they were all considered poor learners in school. This is why I want to teach. I want to help the kids who have obvious potential, but may be struggling in the classroom. By ignoring kids who are falling behind, we may be losing the next revolutionary thinker of our time. To achieve this goal, I will have to undergo a series of training steps. The first step I have already completed. I have been a mentor for the Americorps Energy Express program for two years. This has helped me to choose the career of education, and has also influenced the area in which I want to teach, special education. This past year I had a child in my class with a slight physical handicap, he was partially deaf. He had fallen behind in all of his classes at school, and was going to have to repeat the third grade. His teachers had never noticed his handicap, but for some reason he decided to tell me. By employing some different techniques, his reading improved greatly over the summer to the point were he was one of the best readers in my class. The look of pride when he read aloud was priceless, as was the look on my face because I knew I had made a difference in his life. In addition, I am in the process of earning my undergraduate degree from Concord College. My area of emphasis is library science. The reason I chose this major instead of Special Education is that in case I can not find a job, I will be able to help children with, in my opinion, the most important aspect of learning- reading. After I receive my undergraduate degree from Concord College, I plan on attending graduate school and earning my Master’s Degree in Special Education. This way I will be able to help children in two ways. Since I plan to teach children with learning problems, I will need special techniques which none of the major philosophical viewpoints can offer by itself.

Grotesque View of the British Society in Howard’s End and Women in Love

Grotesque View of the British Society in Howard’s End and Women in Love Eleanor Roosevelt once said that â€Å"a little simplification would be the first step toward rational living.† (Heartquotes.net) After reading Howard’s End and Women in Love, by E.M. Forster and D.H. Lawrence respectively, it has become quite clear that a little simplification could do the characters of both novels a great deal of good. In these â€Å"condition of England† novels, the ideas of love and marriage, how industrialization has affected British life and the revolution of women’s rights are all presented, analyzed, and even criticized by both authors. However, if one digs deeper, there are less obvious themes which make up the background of each story. Perhaps the most colorful background detail of each author’s portrait of England is the extreme intellectualism displayed particularly by the characters of the upper class. Through both of these pieces, it is revealed that the characters’ analytical approach to life paralyzes the ir ability to take action, has social ramifications, and has a potent effect on the attitudes the characters hold toward love. The importance of discussing how to help society is undeniable. It is fair to say that those who belong in the â€Å"haves† category have a certain moral obligation to provide some aid to those in the â€Å"have nots† category. The paradox comes in when the discussion of how to relieve the poor takes the place of taking that action. A fine example of this paralyzing intellect can be seen in Margaret and Helen from Howard’s End, as they engage in discourse regarding the poor with other members of the elite. The discussion of whether or not giving money to the poor â€Å"would be pauperizing them† (For... ... Whether the characters of Howard’s End and Women in Love have a hard time just loving another person, are paralyzed in action, or affected socially, it is clear that the new intellectualism portrayed in both novels muddles the beauty of their lives’ pictures. Instead of creating a simple, yet elegant portrait of English life, the characters of both novels allow their over-meditation to add blotches of undesirable color to their picture. Instead of a stunning depiction of England’s state, Forster and Lawrence provide the audience with a gaudy, grotesque view of British society. Though the intelligence of the upper-class may give the appearance of a more rational society, it is obvious that the characters if Howard’s End and Women in Love could live more balanced lives if they would, simply, simplify. Works Cited Heartquotes.net. HeartMath LLC. 2004.

Green Days by the River

How would you feel if you were put in the position of having to choose between attending school and getting an education over working so that you can help your family circumstances? Shell, a fifteen year old boy had made a decision to work instead of attending school and obtain an education. Why do you think a boy that young will choose to work? Shell chose to work because he is helping out his mother as she is the only one in the family who is doing well other than himself. His father is ill as he was put to bed rest. Shell has made a commitment to work on a plantation with Mr. Gidaharee and also he has gotten a second job at a coco plantation to help out his family circumstances by being another member in the family who can support financially. Do you think that was a good choice that Shell made? I believe that the role of a fifteen year old has a right to attend school and obtain an education but also I believe that a fifteen year old has a right to help out his or her family circumstances. You must be thinking which one I agree with the most. Well I agree with working to help your family circumstances. If Shell does not help out financially then where will that put his family? In this case as I mentioned before Shell is a fifteen year old boy who has chosen to work over obtaining an education to help out his family, especially his mother financially. I agree with the statement fully as it is a family circumstance. With Shell being able to work, he is able to help out his family tremendously especially his mother who was the only one working. He is making it easier for his mother by bringing in money to support her, his sick father, and himself. Many people think that if a teenager drops out of school due to family circumstances that they will not be successful in life. I do not believe in that statement due to the fact Shell can always attempt to go back to school. He can work for about 5 years and help support his family to get them on a good financial level and once completing that task he can go back to school and get his education. Shell was not forced to work he has come upon himself and chosen to work to help out his family. This shows Shell to be very caring for his family and also shows the maturity that Shell has. With Shell working do you think his mother appreciates him working and not obtaining an education? I think that his mother appreciates and puts a smile on her face because it is less stressful for her. If Shell did not work she would have to work to bring money into the home and also take care of Shells’ father. I believe that Shell has made a good decision in helping out his family even though he is only a fifteen year old boy. Who knows it may just work out for him and he may be able to get his education later on in life. I also believe that Shell would do anything in his power to help out his family. He will continue working with Mr. Gidahree at his plantation and also working at his second job at the coco plantation to help his family circumstances.

Cineplex Entertainment – Loyalty Programs

S w 9B08A008 CINEPLEX cheer THE inscription PROGRAM Renee Zatzman wrote this case downstairs the inadvertence of Professor Kenneth G. Hardy entirely to reserve material for class discussion. The authors do non intend to illustrate either in force(p) or in telling handling of a palmrial situation. The authors may fork expose clothed certain reports and un employ(prenominal) identifying reading to protect confidentiality. Ivey Management Services prohibits whatsoever form of reproduction, storage or transmitting without its written permission. Reproduction of this material is non coered at a lower institutionalize authorization by any reproduction rights organization.To ordain copies or request permission to reproduce materials, affaire Ivey Publishing, Ivey Management Services, c/o Richard Ivey direct of Business, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 3K7 phone (519) 661-3208 fax (519) 661-3882 netmail emailprotected uwo. ca. Copyrig ht 2008, Ivey Management Services variance (A) 2009-05-15 INTRODUCTION Sarah Lewthwaite, foodstuffing director for Cineplex delight, was approached by chief executive officer (CEO) Ellis Jacob in August 2006 to resume the set aboutment of a committal course of study.The cinema industry yielded contrary taxations each year, and Jacob necessitateed to increase and modify Cineplexs revenues. As chair of the commitment Steering Committee (the military commission), Lewthwaite was scheduled to pass her recommendations to the committee the hobby week. She would desire to gull a persuasive argument that include recommendations on visualise knowledge, the honor br differently organisition and the type of promotional campaign that would be some effective under the quick budget constraints. Fin in all(a)y, she rentful to suggest whether the rogram should steep regionally or depicted objectly. Her recommendations would be reviewed by senior Cineplex executives to ensure that the recommendations line up with their criteria. CINEPLEX delight Cineplex fun (Cineplex) was founded in 1979 as a micro chain of icon theaters under the Cineplex Odeon name. In 2003, under the direction of Onex Corporation, a Canadian private equity true that held a major ownership take in the confederation, Cineplex coordinated with galax cheer Inc. (Galaxy). The CEO of Galaxy, Ellis Jacob, took over the impertinent-sprung(prenominal)ly merged play a foresighted.In late 2005, Cineplex Galaxy acquired its macrost competitor, Famous Players, and became Cineplex Entertainment Canadas full-grownst film exhibitor. With a box-office mart sh ar of 64 per pennyimeime, the chain enjoyed or so 40 million visits per year under the Cineplex Odeon, Galaxy, Famous Players and Cinema City deformitys. 1 Cineplexs integrated mission heightened on disco biscuiting image-goers an exceptional recreation experience. In addition to seeing a movie, nodes could eat at mixed brand surrender counters or play in the arcade.In 2005, Cineplex expanded its strategy to centimere on developing new markets, using the theaters 1 Cineplex Galaxy Income lineage 2005 Annual Report,http//dplus. cineplexgalaxy. com/ heart and soul/objects/Annual%20Report% 202005. pdf, doorway settle downed January 3, 2008. rascal 2 9B08A008 large screens to display case live accompaniments, much(prenominal) as major hoc discover games, wrestling matches and the metropolitan Opera. These events set ind greatly to Cineplexs success, which was measured mainly on guest traffic and revenue per guest (RPG), which was in turn self-possessed of box-office and surrender revenues.In 2005, weak box-office attention end-to-end the movie theater industry had touched Cineplexs operating manageance (see show 1 for Cineplexs income statements for 2003, 2004 and 2005). Followe the acquisition of Famous Players in 2005, Cineplex executives adjusted the set and products in the food and beverage concessions in 2006. With these moves, Cineplex was open to increase its reasonable box-office RPG to $7. 73 and its number concession RPG to $3. 44 (see evince 2).A GROWTH OPPORTUNITY Like the inherent industry, Cineplex faced vari fitting fallance levels depending on the crop of new movies. Additionally, RPG fluctuated found on the film genre. Cineplex executives knew that audiences for actionthemed and childrens movies purchased a juicy volume of concession items, which typically resulted in a melloweder RPG than dramas. From these viewing patterns, Cineplex executives were able to distinguish the groups of guests that were specificly valuable.However, with no real inter-group communication to individual guests, they faced challenges targeting customers for unique(predicate) movies and especial(a) events. Although market research was steadying on an aggregate level, Cineplex executives wanted to link box-office and concession purchases t o a particular customer. superior executives were supportive of Lewthwaite and the committee compileing this culture by a customer kindred wariness programme. FILM EXHIBITION The primary Canadian film screening took prat in 1896, in Montreal, Quebec, and the earliest moving-picture show assailable in 1906. Attending the cinemas, in like manner known as theaters, became a e rattling(prenominal)day cordial activity by the 1930s, a form of independent and studio-owned theaters managed for customer attention. In 1979, Canadas first 18-theater multiplex opened in Toronto, Ontario, with some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) other multiplexes adjacent in subsequent age. later on a series of consolidations, by 2005, only triple major theater companies existed in the Canadian movie and event exhibition market. To showcase films, theaters implyd licensing from distri howeverors who purchased rights from the production studios.The licensing agreement stipulated the box-office split, in any case known as the percentage of continue that the theater received from a inclined film over a undertake duration. Although twain parties were mutually dependent, distri furtherors held the balance of agency and theaters relied heavily on concession revenues, of which they contain vitamin C per cent of the receipts. The margins on customers purchases of concession treats and beverages were 65 per cent on average. 3 plug-in 1 (below) shows one expressive style of characterizing the motivations and frequence of movie- press release deportment according to various age separates. Marcus Robinson, A History of aim exposeion in Canada, Playback Canadas Broadcast and drudgery Journal (2005), accessed December 30, 2007. 3 Janet Wasko, How Hollywood Works, Sage Publications, London, 2003. paginate 3 9B08A008 Table 1 OBSERVATIONS ON THE MOTIVATIONS AND FREQUENCY OF celluloid ATTENDANCE BY AGE Frequency, reasons for attendance* Age Segment Labels 13-1 5 Teenagers 16-19 untested Adults 20-24 girlish Working Medium (Special Movies) High (Routine) 36-54 fourth-year Families X Low (Special Events) 25-35 youngish Families 55+ Retirees X X X X X These observations were pull from an independent steering group study conducted in 2003. Teenagers Teenagers practice the movie theatre and arcade for social gatherings because locations are loving and movie-viewing is considered by parents to be an appropriate social activity. They are among the highest frequency of visitors. Young Adults This segment has access to a variety of other social venues because they dissolve drive. Some in this segment are still in high crop and others are post-secondary students this segment visits theatres with high frequency. Young Working This segment has disposable income and they confidence movies with socializing at other venues much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as bars and restaurants. This segment has a high frequency of movie visits. Young Families This segment struggles to balance family and work on-related obligations they take their children to special movies occasionally. Older Families With a busy work and family life and varying intimacys within the house resist, erstwhile(a) families attend theatres only for special events, and seldom attend as a family unit. Retirees This segment has bell ringerifi enduret dethaw time to attend movies. They attend movies at a spiritualist frequency. CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT (CRM) guest family management (CRM) is a trade approach in which a company collects individual purchasing teaching to reform its ability to understand and respond to customer desires and buying patterns. The information is typically stored in a central infobase from which the company managers back analyse trends and the purchasing behavior of particular market segments.A remediate discretion of customers enables organizations to develop targeted campaigns to increase trade e ffectiveness, such as restructuring its products and services. For Cineplex, a CRM course of study could withal be paginate 4 9B08A008 utilise to partake valuable information with concession suppliers and movie distributors. Through the overlap of this information, spouses would be better able to develop products for Cineplexs customer base. Although several mechanisms were functional to collect customer information, the most frequently utilise outlines were load-of-sale systems, which scanned barcodes on wallet-sized bill of fares or key chains.A recent trend for CRM course of instructions was to conjure incentives such as discounts or nouss that could be pile up and redeemed for merchandise in publication for the customers permission for the company to collect information on the customers buying habits. Among the Canadian companies undermentioned this trend were Shoppers Drug Mart with the best tantalise curriculum, airmanship Canada with the Aeroplan reward s plan and topographic point Depot and Boston Pizza which both participated in the relief valve Miles pester campaign. CREATING verity Even with 65 per cent market share in Canada, Cineplex had to aggressively compete for customer attention.Ongoing film piracy, rental movies, concerts and sport events, combined with inconsistent box-office revenues encouraged Cineplex managers to look appearances to increase customer spend and frequency, oddly within the lucrative 16- to 24-year-old segment. in advance merging with Cineplex Odeon, Galaxy Entertainment had naturalised the Galaxy Elite card, which offered customers the opportunity to lay away points toward alleviate movie viewing. Although the broadcast had no CRM capabilities, it had been successful in driving customer traffic.During the merger with Cineplex, the program had been disbanded and Galaxys customer traffic had promptly waned. In a survey of Cineplex customers in may and June 2005, 95 per cent of responden ts stated they were implicated in joining a movie rewards program (see abut 3). In 2004, a steerage committee composed of divers(prenominal) department representatives was established to investigate CRM opportunities for Cineplex. after(prenominal) being put on hold during the acquisition of Famous Players, the committee was noisome to move advancing in investigation a joint devotion/CRM program.Senior managers had several concerns, primarily regarding data arrange and ownership, which would be relevant if the program were disbanded. Another beat concerned resource requirements a program this size would be a expensive investing and would likely require new employees to manage it. Lewthwaite would impoverishment to prove that it was a outlayy fiscal investment. Finally, the committee essential to consider the length of time demand to establish a new database because most committee fragments believed that conclusive information on customer behavior could be drawn onl y from a minimum of 500,000 members.Further, although they plan that an investment in such a program could be largely dependable for Cineplex, if implement poorly, the organizations stick out and its ability to deliver customer nurture could suffer widespread harm. Lewthwaite knew that although the following confederate excerpts talent not meet all the committees criteria, she had to evaluate the most important considerations. LOYALTY PARTNER OPTIONS midland Development Under this option, Cineplex managers would develop and consort the program they would then know their brand best and would let complete control over the direction of the program and the data ownership.However, the organization would incur the entire monetary value estimated at $5. 5 million in the first year with diminishing cost in subsequent years. The company would overly be fully exposed to the financial risk of unredeemed points and could face bother in divesting the program if it proved unfulfil led a new scalawag 5 9B08A008 department would have to be composed to manage the exit of the program. This option would overly require a new database, which, depending on promotional effectiveness, could take several years to create.However, because of the innumerable data access and control, this option appealed to several members of the committee. safety valve Miles Partnership With 72 per cent of Canadian households as bustling members, outflow Miles was the top Canadian loyalty program. 4 This program gave cardholders the opportunity to earn unfilled and travel rewards by purchasing products at various retailers crosswise the country. Flight Miles executives viewed Cineplex as an opportunity to increase its youth membership, and their executives approached Cineplex executives to hint a special joint program.In this program, traditional Flight Miles cards would be apply to collect points. Supplementary key tags would be issued for movie customers who opted to receive a dditional member benefits and rewards. Although the key tags might confuse other existing Flight Miles members, the device seemed to offer numerous benefits to Cineplex, including immediate entrance into a database of seven million people. Cineplex would as well hand over the opportunity to access data from other Flight Miles married persons, which would be beneficial in targeting specific retail buyers for niche films.Lewthwaite estimated that access to the Flight Miles program would cost Cineplex one-year payments of approximately $5 million. Cineplex would to a fault be required to deliver $0. 09 for each point issued. Lewthwaite thought users of the program would expect each movie deed to be worth a minimum of 10 Flight Miles points. Cineplex would also be required to pay each time it accessed the data, which Flight Miles would own. A commitment of terce years would be required, and if Cineplex decided to leave the program, it would lose all access to accumulated data.L ewthwaite recognized that Cineplex would be required to adhere to the partnerships decisions no easy out was useable if she did not like some font of the program after they signed the deal. To make the purpose more than attractive, Flight Miles executives offered to contribute $250,000 to ground a Cineplex- spirited and -initiated trade campaign. Scotiabank object Just as Lewthwaite and her committee sat down to examine the twain options in further detail, Scotiabank executives approached Cineplex as a likely loyalty partner. The bank had a relationship with Cineplex derived from earlier corporate sponsorships.As one of the tough Five banks in Canada, Scotiabank offered a different range of financial services, including domestic banking, wholesale banking and wealth management. Through 950 branches, Scotiabank served approximately 6. 8 million Canadians in 2005. 5 Because banks competed in an intensely competitive grocery, many banks aligned their brands with sporting ev ents, venues and other companies done corporate sponsorship. Scotiabank executives were concerned in acquiring new youth circulars and increasing overall exploits, so they viewed a partnership with Cineplex as a means to achieve their objectives while sharing financial risk.Scotiabank, which had prior experience with data management companies done its gold point of reference card program, proposed 50-50 cost-sharing. In return for partnering on the program, Scotiabank expected naming rights on deuce-ace major theaters and an exclusivity agreement for Scotiabank bank machines in all Cineplex theaters. 4 5 Air Miles avenges Program, http//www. loyalty. com/what/airmiles/index. html. accessed November 2, 2007. Scotiabank, 2005 Annual Report, http//cgi. scotiabank. com/annrep2005/en/rbl_ov. html, accessed February 10, 2008. Page 6 9B08A008Scotiabank proposed a three-card rewards strategy. The basic reward card would be Cineplex-branded and used at theaters the Scotiabank debit an d credit cards would act as reward accelerators that accumulated additional points based on customers purchasing habits. Any Scotiabank debit- or credit-card user move intoed in this program would be issued the Cineplex card, and holders of basic Cineplex theater cards would not be required to open an account at Scotiabank. Lewthwaite considered that the multiple card system might discourage some customers who disliked backpacking additional cards.Secondly, because it would be a 50-50 partnership, Cineplexs decision-making power would be constrained, and the direction of the program would be subject to mutual agreement. Also, owing to cover laws, Cineplex executives would not be able to access individual-level banking information on the Scotiabank program users, data that might be reformative in targeting specific retail consumers. However, this program could be labourd in theaters and bank branches across the country. The be to develop and maintain Cineplexs portion of the p artnership were estimated to be $3 million, $1. million and $1. 9 million in years 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Lewthwaite had to fully consider the potential benefits and drawbacks of each proposal and weigh them against Cineplexs criteria before recommending which partner to select. She also acknowledged other options were available beyond those that were presented. She knew that this decision could not be make without analysing the potential reward structure of the program because the committee would expect a detailed net benefit abstract to support her recommendation. STRUCTURING THE REWARD PROGRAMLewthwaite believed it was essential to create a program that would appeal to customers. However, creating a program with valuable and easy-to-gain rewards might be too costly to carry out for an extended period of time. If Cineplex went forward with the Flight Miles partnership, an offer of 10 Flight Miles points per transaction would be required to align with cardholder expectations an d could be supplemented with Cineplex discounts. If Cineplex went forward with other loyalty partnerships, it would leave full design control over the reward structure of the program.Points could be acquire based on box-office transactions, concession transactions, or both. The points could then be used towards movies and concession items. Determining the number and value of points to be given per transaction and the required price per transaction were aspects that Lewthwaite postulate to determine. She also needed to decide on the number of points required for particular rewards and whether different reward levels should be created. Among the other options, Cineplex could reward cardholders with a stable discount on theater tickets or concession items (or both) or possibly picture first access to special events.If Lewthwaite went forward with free or discounted movies and concession items, she would need to estimate the extent to which she would be honour customers who would have attended without being offered any rewards,6 the so-called cannibalization rate (see Exhibit 4). To determine the other potential revenues, Lewthwaite needed to perform a sensitivity analysis virtually any increases in the concession RPG, which she hoped might increase by five to 15 per cent for loyalty program members. She also had the option of charging a nominal one-time or annual membership payment of $2 to $5.Finally, as with any loyalty point program, Lewthwaite knew that only 40 per cent of realize points would be redeemed annually. She drafted a forward list of four unique reward structures she thought could be effective, but was diffident which, if any, would maximize customer appeal through retail value while minimizing cost (see Exhibit 5). 6 Cannibalization refers to the number of free visits redeemed that would have been paid visits in the absence of a loyalty program. Page 7 9B08A008 SELECTING THE selective informationBASE VENDORIf a recommendation were made to move forward with program development, the committee would need to select a database marketer to manage customer data and the e-communication site. This marketer would need strong website design capabilities and a engineering platform that could collect a variety of data on Cineplexs customers. Because Canada had only a few such vendors, Cineplex released a request for proposal (RFP) to three major companies important, Kappa, and da Gamma. Each company responded with a unique proposal for the project (see Exhibit 6). THE MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS CAMPAIGNCineplex executives wanted to enroll 500,000 customers per year for the first three years in any loyalty program, After the first year, she believed the data bank would be large enough to derive pregnant customer information, and the organization could then focus on customer retention. To meet these targets, Cineplex would need to build substantial awareness of the program, particularly in markets where the Galaxy Elite card h ad previously existed. launch the loyalty card would also require a marketing campaign to fit a variety of geographic markets, including Quebec, a province whose official language was French.Lewthwaite had a budget of $300,000, and she needed to make some creative decisions, including the name of the program, the marketing nub to customers and the media to be used to deliver the message. In-Theater advertizing In 2005, Cineplex served 5. 3 million unique visitors annually with an average of 7. 5 visits per guest. No costs were associated with in-theater advertising, and Lewthwaite knew it was an sensitive way to reach the market but she was faint-hearted which media would be most effective without overwhelming movie-goers.The program could be promoted on concession products, point-of-purchase displays, backlit posters or on the website. The program could also be advertised to a captive audience via the digital pre-show or during the presentation of upcoming attractions. composi tion Advertising Lewthwaite wondered whether the target market would respond to regional word of honorpaper advertisings. She knew that the committee was opposed to advertising in a national newspaper, such as the Globe and Mail, because it did not have strong reach in every market in which Cineplex operated.However, Cineplex was accustomed to promoting events through half-page ads in regional papers. Although this option would be more costly than advertising solely in a national paper, several more movie-going markets could be reached. The average periodical cost per half-page ad in the small to mass medium markets was $1,200, and $3,600 for larger markets, with a development cost of $850 for each advertisement. If this option were selected, Lewthwaite would need to determine in which papers to advertise, and the message and frequency of the insertions (see Exhibit 7). radio Advertising local anaesthetic wireless advertisements could achieve hearty reportage in key markets a cross Canada. The average weekly cost per 30-second commercial was $ one hundred hexadty in small-and medium-sized markets and $225 in larger Page 8 9B08A008 markets. Development of local radio ads would cost approximately $1,100 per city. Because Cineplex had used this medium for other events, particularly in boorish theater markets, Lewthwaite was confident Cineplex could also perform free advertisement space on many radio stations websites. Online AdvertisingIn addition to advertising on the Cineplex website, the program could be promoted through various websites, such as Google, Muchmusic. ca, MTV. ca and canoe. qc. ca, a French-language news site. Costs varied according to advertisement format and site (see Exhibit 8). betray Roots Initiatives Lewthwaite had also considered smaller initiatives with the refinement of spreading word-of-mouth publicity. Event teams could promote on college and university campuses or at super visited attractions, in that respectby raising aw areness for the program. Cineplex could also engage in corporate sponsorships.She was unsure what costs would be associated with these options. LAUNCH Launching the program was the final recommendation to be made. Cineplexs head office was laid in Toronto, Ontario, and the company operated in six provincial markets Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia but none of the four Atlantic provinces. Lewthwaite would have to decide whether the program should be launched regionally or across all six provinces. In early 2006, Cineplex had completed the innovation of a new point-of-sale platform, which had the proficient capability to support a national loyalty rollout.A national launch was likeable to Lewthwaite because it would be cost-efficient and would accrue revenues fast-breaking than a regional rollout. However, it was also riskier than a regional rollout any problem would modify all markets. A regional launch would give Cineplex the opportunity to resolve problems before full implementation. The regional rollout would be more expensive at completion, but it would fall by the wayside Cineplex to stretch funds over a longer time period. If Lewthwaite recommended the regional option, she would need to decide how the regional launch would be phased in.Lewthwaite knew several complex decisions needed to be made, and she had little time before the steering committees meeting the following week. Having a more comprehensive understanding of customer behavior and demographics was important in improving Cineplexs success, but could a loyalty program be implemented in such a way to fit senior managements criteria? If she recommended going ahead with the program, which loyalty partner should she use? How should the rewards be structured and promoted? What would the promotional campaign entail, and how should the launch take place?As she leaned back in her chair, she knew it was going to be a very long week. Page 9 9B08A008 Exhibit 1 CINEPLEX ENTERTAINMENT INCOME STATEMENTS 20032005 (Cdn$ in Thousands) Total revenue Cost of operations Gross income amortization Loss on debt Impairment on assets Loss (gain) on disposal of assets kindle on long-term debt Interest on loan Interest income Foreign re-sentencing gain Income taxes Income from discontinued operations Non-controlling interest earnings Income 2005 490,299 421,529 68,770 42,948 4,156 4,296 122 2004 315,786 248,818 66,968 22,530 (111) 2003 295,540 242,636 52,904 18,404 (92) 18,401 8,280 4,020 14,000 (378) (1,463) 14,000 (473) (1,149) 1,381 (922) (3,696) 366 28,116 6,357 6,184 1,828 12,976 30,248 304 39,323 Source Cineplex Galaxy Income Fund 2005 Annual Report, http//dplus. cineplexgalaxy. com/content/objects/annual%20report%202005. pdf, accessed January 3, 2008. Page 10 9B08A008 Exhibit 2 CINEPLEX ENTERTAINMENT ATTENDANCE AND REVENUE PER GUEST DATA Attendance Box office RPG assignment RPG bourgeon cost as a per cent of box-office revenue 2006E 61 ,000,000 2005 9,945,000 $7. 73 $3. 44 51. 7% 2004 28,096,000 $7. 45 $3. 04 51. 6% 2003 27,073,000 $7. 28 $2. 91 52. 1% Source Cineplex Galaxy Income Fund 2005 Annual Report, http//dplus. cineplexgalaxy. com/content/objects/annual%20report%202005. pdf, accessed January 3, 2008. Page 11 9B08A008 Exhibit 3 HIGHLIGHTS FROM CINEPLEX EMAIL SURVEY OF CURRENT CUSTOMERS reexamine Period MayJune 17, 2005 Respondents 4,261 95 per cent of respondents were interested in joining a Cineplex Entertainment movie rewards program 87 per cent of respondents currently elonged to the Flight Miles program, and 39 per cent identified Flight Miles as their favorite rewards program 31 per cent of respondents were interested in the opportunity to collect Aeroplan points 56 per cent of respondents indicated that they would be interested in receiving a 10 per cent discount at concessions The majority of respondents suggested that they would be more inclined to join if there were no additional card to car ry Page 12 9B08A008 Exhibit 4 SUMMARY OF REVENUES AND CANNIBALIZATION RATES Membership fee possibilities, a one-time fee of $2 to $5 Increase in concession RPG of from 5 per cent to 15 per cent Net increase in attendance (actual additive attendance times 1- the estimated cannibalization rate) Cannibalization rate assumptions batter 50 per cent Most probable 25 per cent Best 12. 5 per cent Page 13 9B08A008 Exhibit 5 PRELIMINARY REWARD organize OPTIONS Option 1 Membership fee Permanent concessions discount Points? Sign-up points Points per magnanimous movie transaction Points per concession jazz group transaction Option 2Option 3 Annually $5 Option 4 No One-time $2 10% 15% 10% Yes Yes No Yes 500 100 250 100 100 100 75 No Reward Items and Maximum Retail Value Points call for 500 750 assuage child memory access $8. 50 easy concession combo $12. 37 1000 adult Free adult Free opening opening $10. 95 $10. 95 1500 Free event Free event admission1 admission $19. 95 $19. 95 Free adult admission/concession combo ($23. 32) Free adult/2 children admission $27. 95 2,000 2,500 wickedness package2 Free adult admission $10. 95 out $37. 47 1 2Includes admission to the following viewings the Metropolitan Opera, NHL series, or WWE series. A Night out package includes two adult movie admissions, two large sodas and one large popcorn. Page 14 9B08A008 Exhibit 6 SUMMARY OF CINEPLEXS REQUEST FOR intention PROGRAM OVERVIEW Cineplex Entertainment is looking into the possibility of creating a new entertainment- centre loyalty program. Members will earn points that can be redeemed for free movies or other entertainment-related rewards. An ongoing marketing program requiring a member database and website is required. VENDORS TO PROVIDE A proposed approach and high level design concept for the website that is creative and functional determine for the database and website build WEBSITE GOALS Acquire new customers and switch relationships with existi ng customers by enticing them to sign up, then encouraging them to remain active in the loyalty program offer up an easy way to sign up, check status of points earned, get information on rewards that can be earned, redeem points, and act with other members The site will be a major marketing transmission channel to reach members. It will be used for viral and targeted online promotionsProvide an online community for members DATABASE USE For program administration, analysis and report For analysis and reporting on moviegoers behavior and preferences For marketing to customers THE TARGET MARKET Is very comfortable with the online environment, text put across, downloading, and browsing Wants and expects discounts and free offers in an attainable timeframe Wants simplicity and whatchamacallit WEBSITE REQUIRES A public contribution accessible to all, a members section accessible with member ID and password and an administrative site to be used for customer support set mu st connect to program database to collect, maintain, see and report member data including demographic information and points data Integration with Cineplexs POS equipment and mobile channels for marketing lay will link to and from the sites of main partners and vendors Site must be available in English and French Page 15 9B08A008 Exhibit 6 (continued) VENDORS RESPONSES TO THE CINEPLEX REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL alpha Alpha was a spark advance marketing firm specializing in loyalty programs and performance improvement.As a global company, Alphas clients include American Express, Coca-Cola, Hewlett-Packard, and Microsoft. Alpha has served the Canadian marketplace since 1980, and its focus is luck organizations identify, retain, and build customer relationships in order to maximize profit and drive long-term success. With a history of designing and implementing loyalty programs, Alphas technology platforms center on customer behavior reporting and loyalty rewards fulfillment. In prepa ring its response, Alpha held focus groups to help determine what type of website appealed to Cineplexs target market.These groups indicated the importance of security, easy navigation, and retentivity site content up-to-date they also spoke out against pop-up advertisements. All respondents were known with e-newsletters, and noted that loyalty members should have the option to opt in, because they do not want to be overwhelmed with promotional messages. Alpha used this information in conjunction with Cineplexs specifications to present how the website would be designed. The approximate investment cost for the program design was $500,000 with $40,000 per month required for website upkeep.Kappa Known for managing data for the magnificent Bank of Canada, Kappa was one of the largest global marketing agencies. With a strong focus on customer loyalty programs, Kappa offered a high standard in data privacy and security and was the undisputed industry draw in mobile marketing, which linked potently to Cineplexs target market. The Kappa proposal focused on creating a youth-driven brand identity that engaged viewers to join the program through program incentives and links to third-party social networking sites, such as MySpace.With a significant portfolio of integrated loyalty program solutions, Kappa also had entertainment industry experience, having previously worked on technology platforms with Famous Players, the Toronto International Film Festival and IMAX. Kappas main differentiating reckon was its proposal to have two discrete sites, one for members and one for non-members. Although similar in nature, one site would focus on member acquisition and program information while the other would focus on member retention through deal promotions and access to personal account activity.Approximate costs would be $1 million. Gamma Gamma, a competitor in the Canadian marketplace for four years, had vast experience in information technology strategy and a track re cord of developing CRM programs for guide organizations, such as Kaplan University and Citi Financial. Gammas response to the RFP included a proposal to plan, design, and manage Cineplexs marketing and technology programs on its specialized marketing platform that supported all aspects of email management and e-communication campaigns.This platform would also enable Cineplex to track members on an ongoing basis through different promotional mediums, such as web advertisements and search functions, and to respond presently to member behavior through messaging for those leaving the site. Gammas offer was appealing because it included a fixed-price, fixed-time model. Gamma was unable to provide costs for data management because it was unsure of Cineplexs technical foul capabilities, but preliminary planning and design costs were estimated at around $200,000. Page 16 9B08A008 Exhibit 7LARGE MEDIA MARKETS securities industry Calgary Edmonton Montreal capital of Canada Toronto Vancouve r Newspaper Calgary Herald Edmonton Journal Montreal gazette Ottawa Citizen Toronto wiz Vancouver Sun Radio VIBE 98. 5 Sonic 102. 9 Q92 BOB FM Mix 99. 9 Z95 FM SMALL- AND MEDIUM SIZED MEDIA MARKETS Market Barrie Cornwall Guelph Kitchener London trades union Bay Owen labored Quebec City Regina Saskatoon Sault Ste. Marie St. Thomas Sudbury Thunderbay Windsor Winnipeg Newspaper Barrie Examiner Standard Freeholder Guelph Mercury Kitchener tape London Free Press North Bay NuggetOwen Sound Sun generation Quebec City Journale Regina Leader Post The head teacher Phoenix Sault Ste. Marie Star St. Thomas Times-Journal Sudbury Star Chronicle Journal Windsor Star Winnipeg Free Press Radio Rock 95 FM Rock 101. 9 wizard(prenominal) FM KOOL FM Fresh FM EZ Rock Mix 106 Le 93. 3 Z-99 C95 EZ Rock 100. 5 Fresh FM Big Daddy 103. 9 FM Rock 94 89X Q94 Page 17 9B08A008 Exhibit 8 COST PER super C IMPRESSIONS (in Cdn$) Website google. ca mtv. ca muchmusic. ca yahoo. ca imdb. com canoe. qc. ca Big Bo x advertizement 20 27 29 19 17 26 Banner ad 12 35 32 13 9