Homlessness in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Homlessness in America - Essay Example The third intervention for reducing homelessness is by incorporating the input of various organisations and corporate bodies dealing with the provision of services for the homeless and their welfare, more so in metropolitan areas. In fact, there are numerous charitable organisations that could be instrumental in raising funds for settling the homeless (Rhodes & Frey, 2011). The third strategy for reducing homelessness is the provision of the critical subsidy for housing trust funds and other long- and short-term homeless support funds. This subsidy will not only help long-term homeless people find houses but will also maintain the already established housing projects. The above strategies are however not as effective in reducing homelessness as preventive strategies are. However, if it is rather late to prevent a case of homelessness, it is advisable that such family or individual is quickly moved into housing. Through these strategies, the homeless would be less anxious, feel safe, and their children will have strong foundation for education, social skill building, and good health (Rhodes & Frey, 2011). Rhodes, C. K., and Frey, J. R. (2011). Preventing and Reducing Homelessness: Investments That Save both Lives and Money. Retrieved on June 12, 2012 from

American Association of Medical Assistants Essay Example for Free

American Association of Medical Assistants Essay Introduction Throughout the medical community there are a growing number of organizations whom offer certification exams for those looking to enter the medical assisting field or other allied health profession. Few of these organizations offer the high standard of quality and largely respected and recognized credentials as that of The American Association of Medical Assistants (AAMA) and The American Medical Billing Association (AMBA). The American Association of Medical Assistants The American Association of Medical Assistants (AAMA) is a non-profit organization that was founded in 1955 by The Kansas Medical Assistants Society. Over the last fifty-seven years the AAMA has been steadily growing with over 20,000 members to date. The goal of this organization is â€Å"to provide the medical assistant with education, certification, credential acknowledgment, networking prospects, scope-of-practice protection, and advocacy for quality health care.† (AMAA, 1996-2012, Mission and Core Values) The AAMA administers the CMA certifications exam that is overseen by the National Board of Medical Examiners. This exam includes approximately 200 multiple-choice questions which are broken into a total of four 40-minute sections. The maximum allotted time for completion of this exam is 195 minutes. The certification that comes along with passing this exam is known to be the premier credentialing when it comes to the medical assisting field due to the AAMA’s diverse and on-going training requirements even after the CMA exam has been successfully completed. Each and every person that has earned the CMA(AAMA) credentialing must complete sixty hours of Continuing education units in the three required categories every five years and hold a current CPR certification at all times in order to recertify their membership and credentials with the AAMA. â€Å"The CMA (AAMA) exam is the only one credential that requires candidates to be graduates of a programmatically accredited medical assisting program† (AAMA, 2007-2008, Occupational Analysis of the CMA(AAMA)) An individual whom has earned this prestigious credential, possesses not only general medical office and administrative skills and knowledge but is also certified to perform numerous clinical duties as well. The training and versatility that is held by any individual whom earns the title of CMA (AAMA) makes them an asset to any medical office setting. American Medical Billing Association The American Medical Billing Association (AMBA) was founded in 1998 by Cyndee and Larry Weston whom have been the owners of a medical billing center in Davis, Oklahoma since 1989. Over the years, they have seen the start of many medical billing associations that were more self-serving and for-profit companies rather than out to serve the needs of their joining members. The Weston’s made it their mission to design an organization that would work for the needs of the small biller, thus AMBA was born. â€Å"AMBA is dedicated to helping its members become successful Certified Medical Reimbursement Specialists†, (American Medical Billing Association, 1998-2012, Information on Joining AMBA) which they do through medical billing certification, online training courses, coding certification prep and webinars, to name a few. AMBA also holds a certification exam, the Certified Medical Reimbursement Specialist exam and has been for the past 10 years. AMBA is the only organization that offers an exam that is specifically designed for the medical billing professional. â€Å"Although there is no state or Federal requirement of a medical billing professional to become certified to practice medical billing,† it is the goal of AMBA â€Å"to provide a professional certification exam that upholds a high ethical standard of knowledge that recognizes the competency of a certificant.† (American Medical Billing Association, 1998-2012,Certified Medical Billing Specialist) This exam includes a wealth of information such as ICD9, CPT4, HCPCS coding, HIPPAA. OIG compliance, insurance claims, billing, denials and appeals and much more. The exam itself is taken online and consists of over 800 questions with a minimum grade of 85 in order to receive certification, which is then valid for 1 year. The CMRS is broken down into 16 different sections which must be completed with 45 days of the start date of your exam. AMBA does require those whom have passed the CMRS to complete 15 continuing educations units per year in order to recertify. As the CMRS is the only exam of its kind, those whom earn this credentialing have the proven knowledge and skills thus giving them an edge in their field. Medical Terminology Medical terminology creates a standardized communication between all of the numerous professions that make up the medical community. â€Å"Medical Language is the key to a successful career in healthcare. If you want to â€Å"walk the walk† then you have to â€Å"talk the talk† of medical language† (Turley, 2011, p. 2) As I pursue my education and aspire to one day become a medical administrative assistant, I realize the importance of having a strong grasp on medical terminology in my field. For any person in or looking to enter a position in the medical field, being able to fully understand medical terminology is vital to their success, and an asset to not only themselves but those whom employ them as it can aid in communication to other medical professionals and also to the patients, increase the quality of care, and reduce liability. Conclusion Both the American Association of Medical Assistants and the American Medical Billing Association offer high quality and well regarded credentialing to those in the medical assisting and billing fields. Having a large knowledge base of medical terminology will aid in the completion of the exams given by these two organizations and also in working towards a successful carrier in the medical industry in the future. References American Association of Medical Assistants (1996-2012) Mission and Core Values. Retrieved September 28, 2012 , from American Association of Medical Assistants. http://www.aama-ntl.org/about/mission.aspx American Association of Medical Assistants (2007-2008) Occupational Analysis of the CMA (AMAA) Retrieved September 28, 2012, from American Association of Medical Assistants. http://www.aama-ntl.org/medassisting/OA.aspx American Medical Billing Association (1998-2012) Information on Joining AMBA Retrieved September 28, 2012, from American Medical Billing Association (AMBA) http://www.ambanet.net/ambainfo.htm American Medical Billing Association (1998-2012) Certified Medical Billing Specialist Retrieved September 28, 2012, from American Medical Billing Association (AMBA) http://www.ambanet.net/CMRS.htm Turley, S.M. (2011). The Structure of Medical Language, Medical Language Immerse Yourself (2nd ed). (p. 2) New Jersey: Pearson

Non financial factors before decision to discontinue course

Non financial factors before decision to discontinue course As the course used to be popular, there must be certain amount of students have joined for this course. Thus, if Mawar College wants to discontinue this course, they must place their first priority to these students. As what they expected, students will have tons of questions and of course they will feel frustrated and angry. They could even come out with the petition with the hopes that the college could continue running this course before they graduate. Even if the college has decided to discontinue this course, they also have to consider on where they should place these students as they only halfway studying for this course. They have to understand that all these students will absolutely feel unhappy and discontent if the college place them in another course that is not as famous as the course they are studying now. This issue could possibly bother the students and could affect their emotions making them hardly to concentrate well on their studies. (Olejnik and Holschuh 2007) These grievance students will also raise this issue to their parents and again, their parents will call or even pay a visit to Mawar College to identify the reasons and details that halt the course from continuing. However, the college has to remember that not every of these parents are understanding and willing to listen the explanation by management. As being customers, most of them only concern on how much they have already paid and where their children will be placed to. Even some of these parents might argue and quarrel with the college management. When these parents concerns are not being addressed, they might carry out some conducts which could possibly spoil the reputation of the college. For example, these disgruntled parents will start spreading their dissatisfaction about the college because of its failure to meet and satisfy their suspense. (The Associated Press 2010) Recapping above, the image and reputation of Mawar College will be affected and people will start losing confident to the college. Other students might reluctantly register to any courses that run by this college as they worry the same incident might be happening again. Even their parents may discourage them from studying under this college and request them to further their studies in another more reliable college. This has clearly showed that their good impression to the established Mawar College has dashed out and people will hardly believe this college anymore. The Mawar College rankings among other colleges can come to a deep fall and they might face difficulties to gain back their credibility and again be competitive advantage among its competitors. (The Indian Express Limited 2010) Besides of affecting the reputation of the college, the reputation of the well-known University will also be affected. People around the world will start doubting whether the University is having any problems that lead to the discontinuing of the course. University will definitely feel displeasure and will not allow any accusation that will influence its goodwill. This would certainly be a hard job for the college to run any courses under this University in the future since they have break their promises. The University could possibly sue the college if the college breaches the contracts. Hence, the college has to bear the risk of facing legal suits from the University if they have decided to end the course. The college might lose huge amount of money for the purpose to compensate the University because of their doings and this would be a loss to Mawar College. (The Times of India 2010) As the college has already employed a large group of full-time lecturer for this course, thus every of this lecturer will be affected too if the college discontinue the course. They could be appointed in teaching another course and subjects or even discharged by the colleges that will definitely reduce their level of income. Their motivation and enthusiasm in teaching will also decrease due to their dissatisfaction to the college. This could also affect the rest of the college employees and their level of production will start decreasing once they have lost faith to Mawar College. (Race 1999) Other than above, there are still many factors that the college has to realize and take into account before making their decision. As the course used to be famous, I can assume that certain scholarships and loans have been given to some students to further up their studies on this course. Therefore, it would be a tough and complicated task that these students have to gone through for the cancellation of loans or transferring their scholarships if this course has to be stopped. Certain welfare organizations such as Genting Malaysia and Hong Leong Group that provide free scholarships to Mawar College on this course will also feel discontent because it will burden up their works when the students have more enquiries regards on their transferring or cancellation of scholarships. (Sunway University College nd) People that do not understand the reason of why they discontinue the course might also claim that the only intention for the college is to make profits and ignore the future of the students. Thus, all these will trouble the college and they hardly to survive in the market as people and other Universities have lost their reliability to this college. The college might face problems when they have to search and look for other Universities and running their courses because these Universities also dread the same case will be happening again and affects their reputations. Mawar College will also face difficulties in employing high qualification lecturers due to their spoilt image and have no choice but to employ new lecturers without much teaching experiences. As they are new, most of them still could not master the lectures and issues such as the failing of students in exam could possibly occur because they do not know the correct ways of teaching the students. When the students are unable to show their achievements, again the reputation of the college will be affected. (BNET nd) All these clearly show that there are different non financial factors that the college has to consider and it is pertinent to make a correct decision in order to prevent any unforeseen circumstances from happening that could lead them into a deep fall and hardly for them to bounce back in the education industry. Part C Investment appraisal methods are act as a tool for planning an investment and decide whether or not to accept the projects. (Gotze et al 2008) There are a few different investment appraisal methods can be used, including discounted cash flow (DCF), payback, (Smith 2007) and Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) whereby DCF includes the methods of Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The NPV under DCF has been recognized as the sound of all the investment appraisal methods due to its consideration on the time value of money. This time value of money refers to the amount of money that the business need to be compensated for forgoing the use of the money for a period of time if it has to be invested in a project. (Evans et al 2003) NPV is a method of including all the cash inflows and outflows that will be earned and used in a project at a chosen acceptable rate of return and taking the net total. (Evans et al 2003) Even though there are many advantages in using NPV, but payback method and ARR are still widely used and adopted by many businesses due to the limitations brought by NPV and benefits of payback and ARR methods. (Fabozzi and Peterson 2003) The weaknesses that business normally face when using this NPV approach is they hardly to make accurate long-term forecast of cash flows they can receive in the future. No company can predict the future cash flows as factors such as future sales, costs of labor, interest rate, and government policies can affect the estimated cash flows. Overestimation or underestimation can sometimes bring uncountable loss to the business. (Siddiqui and Siddiqui 2005) Further, in reality it is difficult for business to determine the discount rate, which is cost of finance or cost of capital. It is not an easy job to calculate various costs of finance such as share capital and loans. (Coombs et al 2005) They also have to take the bank interest rate, risk and future inflation into account when deciding the cost of capital because the money value of RM1 in the future will be lesser than its today value. (Bowhill 2008) Moreover, NPV method will assume that the discount rate will remain the same throughout the project running periods. But in fact, these discount rates are easily swayed from year to year. Business has to prognosis the future discount rate which sometimes might be a big differences compared to their forecast with the real situation. (Groppelli and Nikbakht 2006) Besides that, NPV also not suitable to be used in the situation when comparing projects with different lives times. (Siddiqui and Siddiqui 2005) They also have a weakness whereby they never take the size or capital invested into account but only look at the higher yield of NPV. (Moyer et al 2009) This can be shown by the example where a project with size RM1 million that yield NPV RM1500 will be recommended compare to other project with capital RM 1000 with a NPV of RM800. (Coombs 2005) Calculation of NPV which is expressed in money form is not favorable by most of the companies compared to percentage form. (Fabozzi and Peterson 2003) Payback method also has been called as payout method (Belkaoui 2001) and it refers to the number of years a project or investment will take to pay back the initial cash outlay. This is only done when the cumulative cash inflows equally same with the cash outflows. (Bowhill 2008) Payback method is still widely used because it offers information regard to the risk of the investment. Risk analysis can be made depends on the payback period of the investment. (Moyer et al 2009) Risks will be dwindled by using this payback method because it focuses on earlier cash flows and not the later cash flows which are hardly to predict especially in this fast pace world. (Walker 2009) The business will face less risk with the shorter payback period and vice versa. (Moyer et al 2009) Furthermore, payback method will clearly show the liquidity of the investment because it measure the net cash earned by the investment in shorter term. (Bowhill 2008) For company that always concern the liquidity of their businesses will definitely adopt this helpful method so they could know whether their businesses are in strong or weak liquidity to perform or carry out any plans or activities. (Moyer et al 2009) This simple to use and easy to understand method (Walker 2009) can be applied especially to small projects where only a simple decision is needed without consider other cash flow implications. (Bowhill 2008) There is no complicated calculation needed and thus many companies find it is the best way to check whether the money invested can be generated back in reasonable period of time. (Groppelli and Nikbakht 2006) Last but not least, ARR is the average annual profits divided by the initial investment and it also known as Return on Investment (ROI) that used for performance appraisal. (Walker 2009) The investment will only be accepted and applied if the ARR was the same or higher than the target rate set by the company. (Bowhill 2008) This percentage form of ARR is easy to compute and understand especially to business people because it sounds familiar as return on capital employed that mostly applied by companies. (Coombs 2005) ARR is always been used due to its consideration on all the returns and whole life of the investment into account. ARR is the only one that is based on the accounting profits and focus on accounting income rather than cash flows. (Belkaoui 2001) The amount and value calculated by ARR also relevant and used for financial statement presentation such as balance sheet. (Shim and Siegel 2004)

Web Design :: ÃŒnternet Computers Essays

Web Design All of us at one time or another have surfed the Web. Whether for a school project, to shop for a holiday gift or special item, check a sports score, or just for fun our hands and mice have clicked a hyperlink, scrolled a page, instant messaged a friend or used a shopping cart. The web has become such an integral part of everyday lives. It has become the largest center of information. It is no longer possible to escape the web. The web is an extremely and primarily visual realm. We interact with what we see on our computer screens. Without its visual components there would be no Internet, as we know it. This, along with the Internet’s high level of interactivity, makes web design and the layout of a web page of extreme importance. There is technique to publishing an effective web page. Since the Internet crash of 2000 that brought along the failure of many amateur and professional sites alike it has become extremely important that the content of a web page is worth the time and money put into to it. Along with this the evolution of high-speed Internet access which has made speed and efficiency a key. Not even a just-for-fun web site will be of any use if it is bogged down by poor design and therefore it cannot compete with a surfers fleeting patience. When designing a web page there are skills and steps that need to be taken to ensure that your web page(s) is practical, efficient, and just plain gets the job done. Skills that are needed include:  · Marketing: Defines the purpose and audience  · Information architecture: Designs the organization, navigation, labeling, and searching systems.  · Graphic Design: Finds the graphic â€Å"identity† of the site.  · Editorial: Proofreading, editing, content, etc.  · Technical: Programming, Web administration, production, etc.  · Management: Keeps all of the above in line, on time, and in budget.

Taking Masters in Nursing

It has always been my dream since my childhood to become either a Nurse or a Lawyer; however, I preferred to be a Nurse. In that way, I can realize both. As a nurse, I can be of help to patients who need our modest care and attention and at the same time, be advocates of patient’s health and rights. I had high ambitions when I entered the field of nursing on the year 2004. Completing the course wasn’t that easy. I seriously took my studies and attain every single requirement to be able to achieve the Nursing degree and eventually, pass the Nurse Licensure Examination. I applied for training at tertiary hospitals in Davao. One of which is Davao Regional Hospital, a 250 bed health care facility, where I was exposed in various special units. As a neophyte, I got to learn and adjust with the different cases I encountered. It is a fact that nowadays, it is not that easy to find a permanent job as a nurse. I took the challenge of the stiff competition and grabbed every chance only to prove that I don’t easily give up. With high hopes and perseverance, I was hired and given the chance to be a part of the health care team of Davao Doctors Hospital (DDH), the premiere hospital in Mindanao. I was trained and assigned at the Medical-Surgical Unit, which caters critically and chronically ill patients. Continuing my nursing career at DDH widened my goals, perspective and outlook in this profession. My path and focus toward work aimed for new heights. Taking care of some patient with mechanical ventilators, on going chemotherapy and with various tubes attached, I know that I get to see great things, which I can acquire in this profession. I realized that one must have an open-mind and a compassionate heart toward work in order to be effective and efficient in this field of practice. The critical cases of my patients served as challenges considering the care and empathy I feel towards them. The exposures I experience give a new meaning as I end every shift of my duty. It always teaches me to stand tall and surrendering isn’t an option. I consider it an everyday fulfillment. Fulfilling my goals to become critically aware with the theories and principles of the Nursing profession, achieving my aspiration to become a holistic nurse which can be advocate, practitioner and educator to my patients, as well as to my colleagues, are my main reasons for pursuing the Master of Arts in Nursing major in Adult Health Nursing at the University of the Philippines Open University. With this degree, I know that I can widen my competence and understanding and develop my awareness on the present issues affecting the Nursing profession especially to the area, which I am assigned. Likewise, it has been my dream, since then, to attain a Master’s degree in a prestigious university like UP. It is also my aim to lead the Nursing team specifically in our unit and even in the whole Nursing Department, where I can provide education to my co-workers and be a model in promoting the best and qualified service to our clients. In addition, considering my location and duty schedule here in Davao, I know that the Open University program would be the best way to achieve my aspirations. In the future, I hope to achieve new opportunities in the institution I work and even in the wide-range scope of this profession and continue to be a blessing to others. With UPOU, I am best aware that I have the high chances of fulfilling my passion of serving the people and attain high positions in the right time. Finally, I want to become an educator of excellence in health care and continue the tradition of education in our profession and preparing those interested and qualified, who will also become medical and nursing advocates and leaders of the next generation.

How to Write an Economic Research Report

How to Write an Economic Research Report Writing different types of papers throughout your courses is an essential part of keeping your grades at an acceptable level. Writing an Economic research report is as important as any other type of academic papers. If you struggle writing a research report well, then the findings of that research may as well be lost to everyone else except the individual that carried out the research. Given the main objective for writing a research paper is passing findings of an experiment to other parties, being unable to write a research report well means you need help and support of a knowing person, who can boost your confidence and give you a piece of advice. A key element in the research report writing process is organization, which basically entails organizing the way ideas in the report appear, and also the order by which they will be written. Organization is important to both the writer and the reader of the report. To the writer, organization helps one arrange ideas well and; therefore, write in a flowing manner. To the reader, organization is good because it prevents the reader from getting lost by always knowing what a particular segment of the essay is referring to at a certain period of time. The first thing the writer should organize is the introduction of the paper. The introduction explores the purpose of the research report. Moreover, the last thing organized in the research paper is the conclusion. In between the introduction and the conclusion will be other segments of the report which also must be organized. These segments include background of facts, literature analysis, literature review, recommendations, and projections, to mention a few. When you are finished organizing the paper, the next thing to consider before writing the first draft of the research report is the style of the paper. When most lecturers give a research report assignment, they always indicate the style to be used in writing the paper. When writing a research report, the writer should follow the assigned style while clearly presenting the facts, analysis, and theories indicated in the paper. The best way to write is usually by using simple declarative sentences and avoiding complex, difficult to follow sentences. These types of sentences may cause the reader to get lost while reading the paper; therefore, making the reader unappreciative of the research report. In addition, documentation is another factor the writer should take into careful consideration, because it distinguishes the work of a particular writer from that which has already been done by someone else. Finally, if the writer uses any direct quotes then these must be cited in the correct way. If you need someone to write a custom Economics research paper for you contact CustomWritings.com research writing service. Our professional writers will help you with your research reports.

Proof review essays

Proof review essays When I first walked into the theatre I didnt know what to expect. I had done my own personal research on the play beforehand and the play didnt seem that interesting to me. As I entered the stage area I saw a wonderful looking set, complete with the back of a house and a back porch. The music playing was distorted and almost eerie. The play is about four characters all in their own personal conflict because of a mathematical proof. Its about love and trust. The goal of the production was to tell a story and entertain. The scenery of the play was excellent down to every detail. It had windows with blinds, and two porch screen doors. The floor had slabs down that looked like dirt for the backyard. Even the chairs and furniture went along with the entire set. The language of the play was very effective. Some people I know were complaining, but I did not. Your average person in this country curses regularly, especially your average young person. So why take that away from a play which represents real situations. The language also helped show the father and daughter relationship making them look closer. The lighting was my favorite part of the whole show. You could clearly tell the difference between night and day. The lighting even showed how cold it was on the set. The neat thing to me was the clouds passing over. The overall success of the play was very positive. I give it a good review because I was wrong about the whole play. I thought the play was about a mathematical proof when it really wasnt at all. It wasnt just completely outstanding when it comes to entertainment but not to the point where I couldnt watch it at all. ...

Free Essays on Why People Need Religion

Philosophy and Religion: Questions and Answers Philosophy and religion have existed for centuries. Even in today’s technologically advanced environment, there are still many questions about life and its meaning. Humans want to know the basic who, what, when, where, why and how of life. Who created the earth, the universe, and the rest of existence? Is there a right and wrong; if so, what is it? When did it begin and will it ever end? Where does the universe end and do we go anywhere after we die? And of course, why are we here? At some point in each individual’s life, he or she will ponder these questions. For each philosophical question, there are many religious answers and explanations. It seems as though that’s where the desire for religion comes from. However, with so many different answers to the same questions, how is anyone to know what the right answer is or if there is one at all? Nonetheless, people cling to religion for the solutions is provides. For every problem religion offers not only the reme dy, but the hope that one can chose their own destiny based on how they live their lives. In times of great desperation or need, many people as God (or another deity/deities) for help. However, the God that one person asks for help may be quite different than the God the next person turns to. This belief in something omniscient and omnipotent gives people a sense of security . The all-powerful parental figure is often attributed with creation and the eternal question of who is in charge here? This philosophic question of what could possibly be responsible for all of creation, goes back to the beginning of time . Some do no believe in one single God, but many deities that work in harmony to maintain a world order that people have become accustomed to. This world order includes the laws of science and nature that many people take for granted and rarely question. Humans find comfort and security in this order. They want to ... Free Essays on Why People Need Religion Free Essays on Why People Need Religion Philosophy and Religion: Questions and Answers Philosophy and religion have existed for centuries. Even in today’s technologically advanced environment, there are still many questions about life and its meaning. Humans want to know the basic who, what, when, where, why and how of life. Who created the earth, the universe, and the rest of existence? Is there a right and wrong; if so, what is it? When did it begin and will it ever end? Where does the universe end and do we go anywhere after we die? And of course, why are we here? At some point in each individual’s life, he or she will ponder these questions. For each philosophical question, there are many religious answers and explanations. It seems as though that’s where the desire for religion comes from. However, with so many different answers to the same questions, how is anyone to know what the right answer is or if there is one at all? Nonetheless, people cling to religion for the solutions is provides. For every problem religion offers not only the reme dy, but the hope that one can chose their own destiny based on how they live their lives. In times of great desperation or need, many people as God (or another deity/deities) for help. However, the God that one person asks for help may be quite different than the God the next person turns to. This belief in something omniscient and omnipotent gives people a sense of security . The all-powerful parental figure is often attributed with creation and the eternal question of who is in charge here? This philosophic question of what could possibly be responsible for all of creation, goes back to the beginning of time . Some do no believe in one single God, but many deities that work in harmony to maintain a world order that people have become accustomed to. This world order includes the laws of science and nature that many people take for granted and rarely question. Humans find comfort and security in this order. They want to ...

Connecticut gubernatorial election 2014 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Connecticut gubernatorial election 2014 - Essay Example Unlike most states, elections are held separately for the positions of governor and lieutenant governor. The winners get a chance to run together on the same tickets. History has it that Malloy and the incumbent lieutenant governor, Nancy Wyman, were re-nominated. There are several people running for the governor position such as Visconti Joe running as an independent candidate and Thomas Foley. The incumbent governor and the incumbent Lieutenant were nominated meaning there were no primaries held. In his statement, Malloy said that he was going to run again for the position. He assured the people that his campaign would be about the people. He emphasizes on the work they have done together over the last three years. He insisted that the campaign is all about the things that his leadership backed by the people need to accomplish in the next coming term (Yazbak A19). Malloy is currently fifty-eight years of age. He stands to be the first democratic governor to seek re-election in Connecticut (Yazbak A19). He is running against his core competitor for the Republican Party, Tom Foley. He defeated Tom in the 2010 elections by a margin of 6404 votes. Malloy is hardly beginning his campaign from scratch. The Democratic Party has collected $2.3 million since January 2013 in preparation for the election. The money is going to help the party to organize an active campaign in a bid to reach as many voters as possible in order to create a positive impact to all the voters (Murphy). Already Malloy and the organizing team for the campaign have named those to take key positions in the campaign trail. Malloy reassured his candidature since February when he embraced president Obama’s effort for minimum wage to be set at $10.10. He ensured that the agenda is set as a priority for the 2014 campaign (Murphy). Carefully scrutinizing any other polls conducted in the last several months, there is no particular one where

Strategic Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Plan - Assignment Example External analysis of global car industry: [On the basis of MACRO (PESTEL) Analysis] (for reference see Appendix-1) The auto industry is often thought of as one of the most global of all industries. Car industry is experiencing rapid changes with globalization (Carson, 2004). Rapid changes are also altering the industry structure and attractiveness. The emerging markets include Latin America (Mainly Brazil), ASEAN countries, Eastern Europe, China and India. The fast growing emerging markets taken together, increased vehicle sales by 70-80% and production by almost 80-90%(Auto Industry Statistics). Car sales growth rate in US is around 3.5%, in Western Europe around 2.5% and in Japan around 1.5% while in China it is almost 9%. Globally the total car industry employment is predicated to reach 4.8 million by 2015. It is estimated that global car industry revenue reach 903 billion Euros by 2015. So the car industry has been focused on the potential of the emerging markets to offset the in dustries maturity and stagnation in the Triad economics of scale and spread the costs of developing new models. One of the main features of car industry experiencing is, manufacturers extending their operations in developing countries. For global producers, rapidly growing markets in developing countries were meant to provide for spreading vehicle development costs; for establishing cheap production sites for the production of selected vehicles and components; and for access to new markets for higher end vehicles. "Corporate strategies in regard to globalization vary depending on the starting point of individual firms, but there seems to be a large measure of convergence toward 1) building vehicles where they are sold, 2) designing vehicles with common 'global' under-body Platforms while retaining the ability to adapt bodies, trim levels and ride characteristics to a wide range of local conditions" (Sturgeon and Florida, 1999). Now we are going to analyze in short, different strategic tools, which are available to analyze global car industry. The strategic tools and different analysis techniques that we used to critically analyze the industry are: Macro environment: PESTEL analysis Industry: Porter's five forces Strategic groups and Cognitive map Key Factors for Success Marketplace: Market Segmentation, Targeting & Positioning Telescopic Observation Matrix Political forces as well as WTO regime plays major role in opening of the markets for foreign players. Change in the regulations of the market due to governments policies, foreign direct investment increased and also funds started to flow towards developing countries to establish new manufacturing plants. Due to these political and economical changes North American & European manufacturers opened new plants in Eastern Europe, Asia and South

IT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

IT - Essay Example Lastly, we shall discuss their roles in mobile companies. Reliable sources have been referred for the information and figures that have been included in the study. Google and Apple are two companies that have created an explosion in the field of mobile phones. It is worthwhile to understand the peculiarities of the operating systems of these two companies. Both have their own advantages and disadvantages. It depends on the user which one to choose according to his/her requirements. Google’s Android is basically a mobile operating system that is open-source in nature. It allows the developers to adapt the software according to their requirements. The developers can do this by using their own codes or by using ‘C’ (although it is not approved by Google yet it serves the purpose). Android phones support an ample range of mobile technologies such as Bluetooth, WiFi, etc. But one of the main features is that it allows deaf and blind people to operate their mobile phones with much ease. High-end Android phones allow multi-user settings on a single phone. It means that multiple users can use the same phone but with their privacy intact. All users can have their separate login password. In addition to the usual features of Apple mobile phones such as multi-touch gestures, media library, store-kit, cameras, graphics, compass, etc., the latest iOS technology has introduced some new features that are enlisted below: Now Apple has launched its own maps on its mobile phones. This new feature allows the user to view maps (in 3D), traffic updates and more information. An interesting feature that has been introduced by Apple is the ‘Flyover’ that allows the users to select a metropolitan city and enjoy an aerial view. The improved version of Siri can now recognize more languages and can answer questions based on varied subjects such as sports, films, eateries, etc. the users can also post comments on their social networking websites. If talks with car

Compound helicopter Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Compound helicopter - Literature review Example The Nelson Speed Limit holds true for helicopters even today. 3 Although helicopters have achieved what is considered the â€Å"Holy Grails of powered flight,†4 because of their ability to fly vertically, their limited capacity in speed and maneuverability have led aircraft builders to explore ways to augment performance metrics. One of the solutions offered by research is the compounding of the basic design of conventional helicopters with additional components to help achieve better speed and efficiency. Background: Compound Helicopters A compound helicopter is a conventional helicopter that has undergone modification with the addition of several components for the purpose of augmenting and enhancing basic performance metrics such as lift-to-drag ratio, propulsive efficiency and maneuverability.5 The most overt additions in a compound helicopter are fixed wings.6 Compound helicopters are often called hybrids because they are a combination of conventional helicopters, which a re powered by rotors, and fixed wing aircrafts like planes, although some compound helicopters do not have wings. Compound helicopters have the important capability of conventional helicopters - VTOL (vertical take-off and landing).7 What additional features precisely make a helicopter compound has not been unanimously agreed however. John Watkinson, for example, described a compound helicopter as one in which the production of forward thrust in cruise is not up to the rotor but by some other device while Ray Prouty depicted them as having wings and a propulsion device, which could be a jet engine, ducted fan, or propellers for the purpose of alleviating the rotors from lifting or propelling tasks.8 Leishman simply defined it as one in which additional parts are appended for the purpose of enhancing and augmenting basic performance metrics.9 Figure 1 shows a diagram of a compound helicopter with a four-blade main rotor atop its body as is commonly found in conventional helicopters. However, fixed wings or flaperons can also be observed attached to its fuselage. Fixed wings function to off-load most, if not all, of the rotor’s duty to lift the helicopter at high speed. The presence of a ducted propeller at the rear can also be observed, which likewise serves the function of taking away from the main rotor the task of driving the helicopter forward. Some compound helicopters may or may not have either fixed wings or a propulsion mechanism other than the main rotor, but all additional appendages in a compound helicopter serve the purpose of driving it at speed not available to conventional helicopters.10 Fig 2 Diagram of a Compound Helicopter11 2.0 History of Compound Helicopters The first known compound helicopter was developed in Germany in the 1930s by Anton Flettner, but two other models were also developed in that part of the world. The Fl 184 had two airscrews, fitted with propellers at each end facing at opposite directions, and attached to either s ide of the helicopter fuselage. The airscrews functioned to counter the torque effect of the three-blade rotor and helped the aircraft propel forward. The Wn

Management Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Management Principles - Essay Example This report identifies the advantages and disadvantages of the lifetime employment model and offers lessons for today’s managers who are still considering using this lifetime employment system. When employees are given lifetime employment guarantees, the business must consider its responsibilities in terms of the law. Gibson and Piscitelli (1997) offer that business leaders must be careful about certain statements which are made which can be interpreted by employees to mean that their jobs will always be secure. In one large, multi-national business environment, a business manager, in passing workplace discussion, told his employee that â€Å"we will retire together†. This statement was made in an environment where no such lifetime employment guarantees were part of the business model, however the employee was able to convince the legal system that a lifetime employment contract was implied, thus imposing significant consequences for the business. Even though this was not a business where lifetime employment was being offered to employees, it tends to illustrate the importance of considering the legal responsibilities of these agreements. Repa and Stewart (1999) offer that the largest legal risk is when employees begin to perceive that contracts exist between themselves and the business entity, thus the creation of an implied contract becomes grounds for legal disputes. In a business where lifetime employment is part of the business model, companies must consider the risks of these types of agreements as employees have considerable legal resources available in the event that employees perceive breaches of these contracts, whether implied or based on written employee contracts. The business must also consider that, when offering lifetime employment guarantees, the current marketplace or economic conditions will not always, in the future, be favourable

Medical case study report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medical case study report - Essay Example Frequent monitoring of the blood sugar at least after every 4 hours is also important to ensure the episodes of hypoglycaemia do not occur (1). The second scenario could be if Dooley’s creatinine clearance >50-60 ml/min or higher, it is recommended that metformin be administered at a reduced dose while increasing as tolerated to a highest of 1G daily. The third scenario is if Mr. Dooley had comfortably used Gliclazide 60mg for a long time, it may be continued. However, this should be taken with food followed by close monitoring of blood glucose to avert any episode of hypoglycaemia (2). Therapeutics issues: Clarithromycin has the capability of interacting with simvastatin thus may lead to the increase in the simvastatin’s blood levels because clarithromycin is CYP 3A4 inhibitor and Simvastatin mainly metabolised by CYP3A4 administration with drugs that inhibit these enzymes may increase its concentration which increase risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis (Paravastatin a re not metabolised by CYP enzyme therefore it had reduce risk) (3). Also verapamil interact with simvastatin which could increase in simvastatin level which increase risk of liver damage. Heart rate may also be lowered by combining verapamil and clarithromycin since this combination reduces blood pressure and may cause dizziness and headaches. The patient is also advised to cease use verapamil because it has potential for side effects such as constipation. Suggested use of CCB (lercanidipin) 10mg daily which can be increased in a two weeks time depending on the therapeutic response exhibited by the patient. Long term use of coloxy and Senna is not recommended since they stimulate laxatives in long term treatment of constipation. It should therefore be withdrawn gradually within two to four weeks and the bowel condition checked regularly. The use of high doses of Fosinopril dose is not healthy for the elderly patient since it could also contribute to dizziness and lightheadness. The

Compound helicopter Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Compound helicopter - Literature review Example The Nelson Speed Limit holds true for helicopters even today. 3 Although helicopters have achieved what is considered the â€Å"Holy Grails of powered flight,†4 because of their ability to fly vertically, their limited capacity in speed and maneuverability have led aircraft builders to explore ways to augment performance metrics. One of the solutions offered by research is the compounding of the basic design of conventional helicopters with additional components to help achieve better speed and efficiency. Background: Compound Helicopters A compound helicopter is a conventional helicopter that has undergone modification with the addition of several components for the purpose of augmenting and enhancing basic performance metrics such as lift-to-drag ratio, propulsive efficiency and maneuverability.5 The most overt additions in a compound helicopter are fixed wings.6 Compound helicopters are often called hybrids because they are a combination of conventional helicopters, which a re powered by rotors, and fixed wing aircrafts like planes, although some compound helicopters do not have wings. Compound helicopters have the important capability of conventional helicopters - VTOL (vertical take-off and landing).7 What additional features precisely make a helicopter compound has not been unanimously agreed however. John Watkinson, for example, described a compound helicopter as one in which the production of forward thrust in cruise is not up to the rotor but by some other device while Ray Prouty depicted them as having wings and a propulsion device, which could be a jet engine, ducted fan, or propellers for the purpose of alleviating the rotors from lifting or propelling tasks.8 Leishman simply defined it as one in which additional parts are appended for the purpose of enhancing and augmenting basic performance metrics.9 Figure 1 shows a diagram of a compound helicopter with a four-blade main rotor atop its body as is commonly found in conventional helicopters. However, fixed wings or flaperons can also be observed attached to its fuselage. Fixed wings function to off-load most, if not all, of the rotor’s duty to lift the helicopter at high speed. The presence of a ducted propeller at the rear can also be observed, which likewise serves the function of taking away from the main rotor the task of driving the helicopter forward. Some compound helicopters may or may not have either fixed wings or a propulsion mechanism other than the main rotor, but all additional appendages in a compound helicopter serve the purpose of driving it at speed not available to conventional helicopters.10 Fig 2 Diagram of a Compound Helicopter11 2.0 History of Compound Helicopters The first known compound helicopter was developed in Germany in the 1930s by Anton Flettner, but two other models were also developed in that part of the world. The Fl 184 had two airscrews, fitted with propellers at each end facing at opposite directions, and attached to either s ide of the helicopter fuselage. The airscrews functioned to counter the torque effect of the three-blade rotor and helped the aircraft propel forward. The Wn

Medical case study report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medical case study report - Essay Example Frequent monitoring of the blood sugar at least after every 4 hours is also important to ensure the episodes of hypoglycaemia do not occur (1). The second scenario could be if Dooley’s creatinine clearance >50-60 ml/min or higher, it is recommended that metformin be administered at a reduced dose while increasing as tolerated to a highest of 1G daily. The third scenario is if Mr. Dooley had comfortably used Gliclazide 60mg for a long time, it may be continued. However, this should be taken with food followed by close monitoring of blood glucose to avert any episode of hypoglycaemia (2). Therapeutics issues: Clarithromycin has the capability of interacting with simvastatin thus may lead to the increase in the simvastatin’s blood levels because clarithromycin is CYP 3A4 inhibitor and Simvastatin mainly metabolised by CYP3A4 administration with drugs that inhibit these enzymes may increase its concentration which increase risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis (Paravastatin a re not metabolised by CYP enzyme therefore it had reduce risk) (3). Also verapamil interact with simvastatin which could increase in simvastatin level which increase risk of liver damage. Heart rate may also be lowered by combining verapamil and clarithromycin since this combination reduces blood pressure and may cause dizziness and headaches. The patient is also advised to cease use verapamil because it has potential for side effects such as constipation. Suggested use of CCB (lercanidipin) 10mg daily which can be increased in a two weeks time depending on the therapeutic response exhibited by the patient. Long term use of coloxy and Senna is not recommended since they stimulate laxatives in long term treatment of constipation. It should therefore be withdrawn gradually within two to four weeks and the bowel condition checked regularly. The use of high doses of Fosinopril dose is not healthy for the elderly patient since it could also contribute to dizziness and lightheadness. The

Holocaust Post to World War II Essay Example for Free

Holocaust Post to World War II Essay Let us begin by quoting the superb words of Elie Wiesel (1995), the Nobel laureate for peace in 1986 and Holocaust survivor: For the survivor who chooses to testify, it is clear: his duty is to bear witness for the dead and the living. He has no right to deprive future generations of a past that belongs to our collective memory. To forget would be not only dangerous but offensive; to forget the dead would be akin to killing them a second time. The witness has forced himself to testify. For the youth of today, for the children who will be born tomorrow. He does not want his past to become their future (cited in Hill and Wang, c2006, pg 15). Cruel Massacre Against Humanity in Holocaust Post to WWII Holocaust post to the beginning of World War II gave an account of tragedy and massive killings of majorly Jews in millions. Other killings involved the people of Gypsies who are descendant of Egypt in history, the mentally and physically challenged ancient individuals, political enemies to the ruling government of Nazi of Germany, and racially undesirable individuals who met an untimely dead end in the Nazi Camps of Germany after . This holocaust occurred between the years 1939 and the commencement of World War II. It is a great destruction that is characterized by extensive loss of human lives through means such as fire, nuclear arms et cetera. Holocaust at times is also used to represent the genocide in Armenian and Hellenic. Hellenic are Greece speaking people who suffered massive religious killing of about 3 million Christians in Turkey between the years 1915 to 1925 (Dawidowicz, 1975). Prior to the World War II, over six million Jewish people were targeted and destroyed by the then Nazi government and its co-sponsors. Nazi government of Germany developed a great hatred for the people of Jews who have spread and had established tent all over European States. The destruction was caused by an expression of superiority over the perceived â€Å"inferior Jews†. The spreading and the success of the Jews over some citizen of Europe became a matter of crucial talk among the cabinet members of Nazi. Nazi saw them as strange people who must not live. Later on, Nazi resulted into racial war against the Jews. In addition to the Jews, Nazi also developed similar racial hatred to other set of people in the all over world. The list includes â€Å"the people of Roma called Gypsies, the physically challenged or formally called the handicapped, the Slavic people of Russia, Poland and others as mentioned earlier† (Yahil L. 1990). In addition to the basis of destruction on perception of racial inferiority, political and theological reasons were also confirmed as part of the basis for destruction of certain other set of people. Thirdly is the massive destruction based on ideological group belonging and on cultural hatred for the Jews, one of the prominent groups by then were the Communist, the Socialist groups, and the Jehovah Witness movement. Certain homosexual were not spared in the killing. Due to the presence of certain members of the Nazi government who were homosexuals, there was mixed feelings development towards the extermination this set of people. The Jehovah witness movement group recorded the lowest number of casualties because they were less concentrated in a place unlike others. The achievement was made possible owing to regional concentration of the target people to be destroyed. Some were taken on hostage within a wide range of land for a long period before they were been destroyed by biological weapons, diseases, famine, and other forms of military maltreatment. For the physically challenged group, Nazi carried out his mission by including in his policy the so called â€Å"Euthanasia Program† (early killing to prevent prolong living in serious discomfort and pain). Some able body target among the Jews and Poland were captured and unofficially sentenced to hard labor till they meet their death. Post-World War II Holocaust After the WWII, there was an arrival of a different dimension to the war. Holocaust in the mid-1940 to the early 90s was basically the existence of relative tension, and fragile calmness. This is due to the modernized existence of nuclear and atomic destruction that posed more colossal figures in potential victims. On the basis of nuclear power possession, nations were termed superpower of the world. The era was termed cold war among the two major powerful unions – the United States and the Soviet Union of Eastern Europe, Northern and Central Asian continent. The United State came in following the 1942 Washington Act to deliver the Jews from total extinction. Holocaust Literature In the modern study of holocaust, many theories are used to propose the origin of holocaust. While the Intentionalists accept that holocaust is a deliberate act initiated by Adolf Hitler, the Functionalists argue that the genesis of holocaust was rather a policy failure by the government of Nazi to regulate immigration to Europe and expel other migrants out of Europe. Hence, the Jews find their way in with ease and dominate the Europe in their millions. Functionalists disagree on several claims by the Intentionalism on several of their literature pointing finger on the lack of adequate plan on population growth as the genesis of holocaust. There also exist â€Å"holocaust theology† that reviews God’s kindness and protection shield on His own people.

Selection Of Steve Jobs Case Study Commerce Essay

Selection Of Steve Jobs Case Study Commerce Essay The purpose of this assignment and the selection of Steve Jobs case study draw in many features of leadership theories and works connected with Jobs Apple or his business activity. His leadership tells again one further thing that sometimes successful leaders may divide into two camps the whole world : some adore the leader and others cannot stand him. This sensation is not so unusual as example of Margaret Thatchers political leadership and many military leaders over the centuries. Apples success made Steve Jobs a successful leader and the main thing is Jobs personal creation is Apple. During his time there were Bill Gates and Michael Dell who were fabulously successful in different parts of the IT business, but Jobs Apple was always the most creative, the quirkiest, maybe even the coolest of the three brands. By this time, many of us already learned, heard, read and watched about Steve Jobs many contributions to the society, his achievements on many accounts. Consumers passions about Steve Jobs and the Apple are rare in the business world. In Soho I was passing by an Apple store not long ago and found flowers and hundreds of post it notes from so many expressing gratitude to Steve Jobs. As his biographer Walter Isaacson and others have pointed out, however, Steve Jobs was far from perfect.   Id like to comment in particular on his leadership and management style.   It is well-known that Steve Jobs could be arrogant, dictatorial, and mean-spirited.   Yet he was a great leader. So, this overturns some management writers claims and thoughts todays business leaders need to be nice, kind, humble (Level 5 leadership), and practice servant leadership? I think the contradiction about leadership can be clarified by two sets of aspects. One we need to recognize the situational leadership. In some circumstances one style could work properly but that might not work in some others at all. Ambiguity or the surprise matter always there while claims being made about the behaviour and the characteristics of the universal leadership. Woking overseas and leading cross functional global teams definitely recognize leadership needs to be adapted culture specific. Mr. Jobs leadership not mentioning his genius activities was a key part in the success of Apple. If he had used another style, might not be able to achieve the glorious success at Apple. The other one is apart from arrogance style of Mr. Jobs he had some great executive leaders qualities visionary, risk taker, emotional stability, openness to experience, and highly focused, committed or persistent, passionate and positive attitude. Not only he dived into his vision, he made sure companys everyone brought into that created for the company a higher purpose which excited really the company employees. His products and passions of course were legendary in Apple. He established trust among company members not as a founder but in marketing and product design. Leadership And Organisational Behaviour issues To understand the attached case studys key aspect module Organisational Behaviour, I have done a detailed research on Apple Inc. policies, leadership strategies etc. Balanced Scorecard Institute defined the balanced scorecard which is a management and planning system used to bring into line business activities to the vision and the organisations strategy, communications (internal external) improvement, and against strategic goals monitor organisational performance. Most organisations, to bring effective changes use the balanced scorecard. But APPLE INC. doesnt implement the scorecard for operating changes but uses for long term performance. It focuses on various categories of measurement in the following order Financial Perspective Shareholder Value Customer Perspective Market share and customer satisfaction Internal Process Perspective Core Competencies The Innovation and Improvement Perspective The three wide-ranging Organisational Behaviour aspects have been taken i.e. Leadership, Motivation, and Change Management to identify whether Apple Inc. is following a good strategy or any possibility of improvement or any requirement of complete change. Especially the focus is more or less orbited around the Apple Inc.s CEO Steve Jobs throughout the report and the way he be able to manage and motivate the Apple Inc.s employees Leadership Through the case study and because of Steve Jobs I deeply researched and found on crisis moment Apple called him and simply Steve Jobs turned the things around and took the organisation at top level, honestly I got charmed by this man. His leadership styles sets for everyone example, he is visionary and transformational leaders role model. For example the price of Apple share 2% fell on Steve Jobs illness rumour in 2008. Because of some power struggles internally, Apple forced Steve to leave his job in 1985 and after that nearly one decade Apple was in serious crisis. In 1996 financial losses was reaching $81600000 and in 1997 it was $1 billion and instead of $70 per share (1991) it became $14 per share. In 1997 March issue Fortune Magazine described Apple as Silicon Valleys paragon of dysfunctional management. (Woods, 1997). Later Apple appointed Steve Jobs as the CEO and everything started changing even Apple is much ahead than rivals HP, Dell, Microsoft etc. and posited or ranked sixth in the list of reputable companies. In spite of his all achievements, Steve always been encircled with arguments. Beside the concern of the products of Apple, he is looked up as a business idol. Transformation leadership consists of charisma, motivation (inspirational), stimulation (intellectual) and consideration (individual). Everybody knows that Steve Jobs had these all qualities except the last one consideration (individual). He had a perfection achieving phenomenal hunger and acted as a one man army to reformed computing system. From his past as well as the past of Apple we can see his greatness. Todays the digital image of the society is enhanced by the Apple i.e. Steve Jobs. During 1985 to 1997, successfully he transformed Pixar into a successful speculation. Only lack was Steve Jobs liked secrecy. Apple builds trust but never talked about their forthcoming products. They always talked about their achieved things and this behaviour effects a lot to the Apple Inc. employees. His arrogant and top-down approach is not going to work according to William C. Taylor (Harvard Business Review, 2009) With an excellent speech ability and superb fascinating influence over the audience and his employees, Steve Jobs is a very powerful charismatic leader. He made his employees enthusiastic by the charismatic power and convinced customers to buy Apples products. Apart from his charismatic power he is also known as devious, rude and corrupt. He did not respect individual, employees scared him, though its perfection quest but still shows his consideration for individual is low to some extent. He made his employees better but not to be easy on them. Survey in 2008 shows that employees were not enough satisfied with their bonus and compensation level but they had towards the products and the policies of the company full passion. Steve Jobs tremendous qualities of charismatic power, Apple outperformed others primarily in the business market. Though charismatic leadership power matched with him but his individual consideration does not go with him. In this respect my doubt goes whether Steve Jobs is a charismatic leader or a personalised leader more. Motivation The purpose and direction of behave is the psychological process which is referred by the Motivation. An organisation will be benefitted if the employees are motivated by effective productivity though its a very complex task as motivation keeps on changing. In 2010, Glassdoor results show clearly that Apples employees are respectful to their boss and are motivated. A few years before and the present Apple if compare, anyone can easily realise that Jobs was outstanding to get his employees commitment properly that proved Apples employees motivation. When excellence expected then employees need not be told anything said by Steve Jobs in 1989, initially needs to coach them. the motivation model of the Maslows hierarchy of needs (1943) describes that the needs can be classified into these stages (including last need being basic need most). SELF ACTUALISATION Doing what best you can do ESTEEM NEEDS Self-respect and respect from others BELONGING Acceptance and being part of something SAFETY NEEDS Physical and Psychological security PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS Hunger, Thirst, Rest etc. Esteem , Belonging and Self Actualisation needs are as highlighted is that according to me, these are the underperformances in the Apples motivation level for employees. Apple never put hard gear on the employees motivation as they never knew what company coming up with next. They are restricted to go from one department to another by using electronic badges as terrorists. Jobs kept software and hardware department separate and set in different buildings. Steve Jobs always looking for perfection, a notorious manager, instead of motivate he used his stick. This definitely is not followed the Maslows hierarchy of needs. Steve Jobs was an autocratic as he wanted people to listen to him. Though innovation is part of the involvement of the employees but this theory had a doubt on Apples innovation. Definitely it conflicts with the Self Actualisation Stage of Maslows hierarchy. In 2006, Roderick Kramer wrote for Harvard Business Review, a certain degree of forcefulness might prove to be useful when it comes to handling intractable problems. So, Steve jobs always worked on his own way and delivered fabulous results does not mean that his ways is the right way. Because its not about Steve Jobs, its the question about Apple Inc. So, therefore the way Jobs worked is not the right way. According to an insider Steve was acute with his employees, made them cry but also most of time he was right. His viewpoint was exceptional and he had no asshole rule, he was tyrant in his workplace but if employees not fully pleased then things not going to work same way in future. Change Management The development of an organisation depends on Change Management, a set of behavioural science-based theories, values and strategies. It is not an easy job. W Pasmore in 2010 said that many leaders failed to make operating and critical changes to led the organisation. Apple like many other big companies gained mastery in this matter. Not only Apple Inc. comes up with new and innovative technology but also the implementation of the financial figures of them vastly accepted all over the world. Steve Jobs has many reasons to be successful in change management and out of those understanding and anticipation of customers requirement most. Change Management helps an organisation to take from one level to the next level by treating Employees as Focus Group. Steve doesnt rely on focus groups, instead he is a steady believer that customers themselves dont know their requirement. Without asking them he has a strong understanding ability and can anticipate his customers call. So he treats as focus group his own employees and without any customer intervention makes the decision. By giving such huge importance to the employees, the employees themselves feel a part of the change. Thus he gains the employee loyalty very easily. The products like iPod, iPhone, and iTunes are great examples that prove his expertise in understanding the customer needs. Every individual thinks own way differently and has got own different insights and assertiveness in life. So, therefore, its not possible to get 100% support from all the employees. Rather, to accept and adapt to change, they need to be motivated and inspired enough. Jobs chooses team members by selecting multiplier factor of excellence. He believes that the extraordinary designers, engineers and managers are not only better than the good ones by 10 or 20 % but 10 times better. He feels that outstanding products come from their contributions. Eliminating Fear of Change: Over time, Steves leadership has made the organisations mantra, together with its distribution and channel partners. While iTunes launch, people thought it might change the entire music industry. With the charismatic ability Jobs eliminated the fear of change, and they achieved their 100% contribution and iTunes in the music industry made a revolution. Managing Changes in Distribution Strategy: the whole distribution strategy might be disrupted at time by the innovation and Apple faced the problem on their iPod launching time. They made good relation with big box stores like Wal Mart, Target etc. before introducing them in the consumer electronics industry. For distributing digital music iTunes also built a complete new distribution strategy successfully and thats the way Apple overcome the changing problem in distribution strategy. Review of Literature Most business leaders expect to touch the level Steve Jobss did before he died in October 2011. He is the legendary visionary player one in a century. He is a dynamic and controversial leader and his success totally relied upon his innovation capabilities. During time the legacies left by many other protruding leaders become clear. However, we already by today have tremendous clarity of Jobss leadership. Because of the masterful biography of Walter Isaacson, we know that Jobs pursued former CEO of CNN and managing editor of  Time Isaacson, for five years (the first of many examples of Jobss persistence in the book), and then gave him a free hand (a much rarer occurrence), promising: Its your book. I wont even read it. Certainly Steve Jobs was a wayward and ambitious leader, and his innovation, commercialization and services to the society through Apple Inc. changed the way of life styles of many of us and developed truthfully great ways for computing, publishing, movies, music, and mobile telephony industries. His way or style of leadership is complex, risky, committed and charismatic to convince customers and employees on his aspiration. Though he is greatest business executive of the era but he was critical, tyrant one. All too often he was the antithesis of the servant leader model popularized in the 1990s (the giving, caring organizational mentor who in many ways contrasted with the hero model of a century prior). Not only at Apple Inc. but at NeXT and at Pixar, he seeded powerful culture. He created a place where motivated people make great products. He had fascinating and perplexing leadership. Personally and professionally he fell in and out of love with people easily. Because of his great talent he created extraordinary skilful organisation but he missed many peoples potential contribution. In question of teamwork, he always challenged to do beyond the possible. So, a few strong people cope with this challenge to keep remain the pride but many others usually become frustrated. In a way this is a loss of encouragement and emotional effect as the theme comes up A players and B players. Then there was Jobss habit of distorting reality to fit his purposes, coupled with the impatience, criticism, and brusqueness that often accompanied it. On the one hand, the Jobs version could create a compelling vision of what might be. Witness the strong cultures that he fostered at his companies: Even through the 10 years he was exiled from Apple, the underlying essence of the culture he established somehow stayed alive. On the other hand, Jobss reality distortion could be extremely alienating, and it sapped his credibility, especially when he used it to dismiss a promising idea or an effort as a piece of crap. Applied to the wrong strategy, market, or product, his behaviors could sink a company. In the end, what made Jobs such a successful leader was his much-lauded talent at envisioning and delivering breakthrough products and services. His ability to innovate for his customers in a way few leaders had done before served as a salve to his gruff personal style. Very few top leaders pay as much attention to product and design detail as Jobs did. He always considered simplicity, functionality, and consumer appeal before cost efficiency, sales volume, or even profit. That attention was integral to the strategic and marketing capabilities of his companies. In these respects, Jobs was an entrepreneurial leader in the mode of Walt Disney and Edwin Land, both of whom he admired. Jobs famously said that customers dont know what they want until weve shown them. Indeed, he had a remarkable, but not infallible, ability to develop products that consumers would buy and savor, as well as the confidence, courage, and drive to bring them to life. Part and parcel of this appeal was Jobss remarkably clean sense of design, which Isaacson traces back to his study of Zen Buddhism and, further still, to his adoptive father, a blue-collar mechanic who rebuilt cars in the familys garage for extra income. Much of Jobss genius and Isaacson contends his genius was for imaginative leaps [that] were instinctive, unexpected, and at times magical stemmed from his ability to integrate diverse disciplines, particularly the humanities and science, a sort of synthesis of artistry and engineering. With age and experience, Steve Jobs became a better leader of people. Although Jobs was never one to dwell on his own shortcomings, Isaacson quotes a statement he made during a 2007 conference in which he revealed a somewhat reluctant, even latent sense of an important flaw. Because Woz and I started the company based on doing the whole banana, we werent so good at partnering with people, he said of Apples design philosophy. I think if Apple could have had a little more of that in its DNA, it would have served it extremely well. Jobs would have benefited from more of that in his leadership DNA, too. Who knows if he had had more time, he might have been able to close that gap altogether. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS By looking at the financial results of Apple Incorporated, people might perceive that things are going quite well within the organisation. But the entire analysis above shows that there are a lot of loopholes in Apples functioning which requires a deep thought. Where Steve Jobs is considered as an idol by millions of people, at the same time his attitude questions whether he is a true transformational leader or more of a personalised leader. One might feel that innovative products of Apple are a result of employee motivation and involvement. But that is not the case. By analysing the levels of motivation with the help of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, it was found that the top three levels of needs go dicey in case of Apple employees. However, there is no denying the fact that Apple has mastered in the concept of change. Whether it is about training the employees for change or it is about managing the changes in distribution strategy, Apple has successfully managed changes both within a s well as outside the organisation. My recommendations to the company, particularly to Steve Jobs, are: No wonder apple has no match in its innovation. But things can further improve provided that employees are given more freedom to express their thoughts. Moreover, if instead of Stick, Jobs can manage with some positive motivation, it can do wonders for the company as far as employee loyalty is concerned. Steve Jobs, undoubtedly, is a fantastic charismatic leader. The analysis in the report clearly shows that the charisma of Steve Jobs has single handed taken the company to such heights. But Apple needs to think beyond Steve Jobs. The company should start focussing more on its future, for which it is really important that the other members of the organisation also start scratching their heads and reduce their dependency on one man. Read more:  http://www.ukessays.com/essays/business/the-terms-of-organisational-behaviour-issues-business-essay.php#ixzz2HK3tupwa Steve Jobs Organizational Behaviour, Leadership theory from Subhendusankar Kar SOME POINTS ON STEVE JOBS LEADERSHIP AND VISION http://www.livescience.com/16442-visionary-science-steve-jobs.html group assignment on steve jobs http://www.scribd.com/doc/41982491/Group-Assignment-Case-Study http://en.oboulo.com/us-management-and-leadership-steve-jobs-63068.html management and leadership of steves INTRODUCTION Apple: One Year After Steve Jobs Death, iPhone Sales Disappoint Wall Street http://www.forbes.com/sites/stevedenning/2012/02/03/is-apple-truly-agile/ (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() http://assignmentpapers.blogspot.co.uk/2012/03/entrepreneur-steve-jobs.html http://hbr.org/2012/04/the-real-leadership-lessons-of-steve-jobs/ar/1 Summing Up We know that there are basically two types of organisational leaders the transactional and the transformational. Transactional leaders are the ones who work with the safety of the status quo. Transformational leaders strive with all their might to change the existing order of things. They are the ones who bring about major, positive change for a group, organisation or society. We have seen that Steve Jobs was able to direct his people and make them do things which they had never done before, but these things were also essential for the realisation of his vision and plans. I leave it your judgment to deduce what style of leadership Jobs followed. It is quite logical to assume that Jobs style of management changed over the years. This is also indicated in the following quote When Jobs was ousted from Apple in 1985, he was often termed as arrogant and bully combined with perfectionist attitude, something that indicates the Authority-Obedience Manager' (Fortune 2009, The Decade of Steve). In 2009, due to medical reasons, Steve delegated his responsibilities to Tim Cook, Apples COO for six months, and everything went on smoothly. Perhaps, he had mentored his executive team successfully to think and decide like him, which indicates that his style had probably moved on to being a Team Manager. Interestingly, Jobs may not be the embodiment of an effective leader in a way, he was far from being a classical text-book example. Nevertheless, his charisma, self-confidence and passion for work overshadow all his flaws, making him one of most successful CEOs of the decade.

Donato D’Angelo Bramante Essay -- Biography

Donato D’Angelo Bramante was born in 1444 and died in 1514. Bramante was an Architect who introduced the High Renaissance style in architecture (brit). The Renaissance style gradually replaced the Gothic style of the late Middle Ages. It encouraged a revival of naturalism, seen in Italian 15th-century painting and sculpture, and of Classical forms and ornament in architecture, such as the column and round arch, the tunnel vault, and the dome (Western Architecture, 2011). Bramante was first trained as a painter before undertaking architecture and is credited with being the most renowned architects of his time (garners). Bramante was strongly influenced by Flilippo Brunelleschi, Leon Battista Alberti, and perhaps Leonardo (garners). His early works in Milan included the rectory of Sant’Ambrogio and the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie. In Rome, Bramante served as principal planner of Pope Julius II’s comprehensive project for rebuilding the city (brit). Bramant es architecture on the :Tempietto, New Saint Peters, Santa Maria della Pace, and the Cortile del Belvedere distinctly shows the aesthetics associated with the High Renaissance. During the time of Bramante the type of artwork most prominent was based on humanistic values, which were based on ancient roman models (garn). High Renaissance art originated in Florence in the early 15th century and thence spread throughout most of the Italian peninsula; by the end of the 16th century the new style pervaded almost all of Europe, gradually replacing the Gothic style of the late Middle Ages (brit). The Tempietto is an example of the style that Bramante sculpted with. The Tempietto is located on Janiculum hill overlooking the Vatican in Rome (garner). The Tempietto is named that be... ...c art had mostly to do with religion, while humanism deals with the humanistic part of our lives. After the Black Death many people lost their faith, because people could not believe that god would punish them like that. The Renaissance was a time period where the lives of Europeans focused on the natural world, and individuals and humanities worldly existence (Kleiner,2010). The Black Death, as horrible of a disease it helped set the stage for art and science to flourish. Renaissance itself means rebirth in Latin, which was a revived interest in classical cultures (Kleiner,2010). Humanism was more of a code of civil conduct, a theory of education, and a scholarly discipline more than a philosophical system. Italian humanists were concerned chiefly with human values and interest as distinct from but not opposed from religions otherworldly values (Kleiner, 2010). Donato D’Angelo Bramante Essay -- Biography Donato D’Angelo Bramante was born in 1444 and died in 1514. Bramante was an Architect who introduced the High Renaissance style in architecture (brit). The Renaissance style gradually replaced the Gothic style of the late Middle Ages. It encouraged a revival of naturalism, seen in Italian 15th-century painting and sculpture, and of Classical forms and ornament in architecture, such as the column and round arch, the tunnel vault, and the dome (Western Architecture, 2011). Bramante was first trained as a painter before undertaking architecture and is credited with being the most renowned architects of his time (garners). Bramante was strongly influenced by Flilippo Brunelleschi, Leon Battista Alberti, and perhaps Leonardo (garners). His early works in Milan included the rectory of Sant’Ambrogio and the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie. In Rome, Bramante served as principal planner of Pope Julius II’s comprehensive project for rebuilding the city (brit). Bramant es architecture on the :Tempietto, New Saint Peters, Santa Maria della Pace, and the Cortile del Belvedere distinctly shows the aesthetics associated with the High Renaissance. During the time of Bramante the type of artwork most prominent was based on humanistic values, which were based on ancient roman models (garn). High Renaissance art originated in Florence in the early 15th century and thence spread throughout most of the Italian peninsula; by the end of the 16th century the new style pervaded almost all of Europe, gradually replacing the Gothic style of the late Middle Ages (brit). The Tempietto is an example of the style that Bramante sculpted with. The Tempietto is located on Janiculum hill overlooking the Vatican in Rome (garner). The Tempietto is named that be... ...c art had mostly to do with religion, while humanism deals with the humanistic part of our lives. After the Black Death many people lost their faith, because people could not believe that god would punish them like that. The Renaissance was a time period where the lives of Europeans focused on the natural world, and individuals and humanities worldly existence (Kleiner,2010). The Black Death, as horrible of a disease it helped set the stage for art and science to flourish. Renaissance itself means rebirth in Latin, which was a revived interest in classical cultures (Kleiner,2010). Humanism was more of a code of civil conduct, a theory of education, and a scholarly discipline more than a philosophical system. Italian humanists were concerned chiefly with human values and interest as distinct from but not opposed from religions otherworldly values (Kleiner, 2010).

The English Election System :: essays research papers

The English Election System Once the Queen has appointed a person to the office of Prime Minister, he can remain in office only for so long as he has majority support in the House of Commons. If he is defeated there, he may resign and leave the Queen looking for a new one. According to law the period between general elections must never be more than five years. Within these five years the Prime Minister may choose the date for a general election, this gives him and his party a great advantage, because then he can choose a time when the opinion is high for his party. The Government A Brittish Government consists of the Prime Minister and other ministers, all of whom are collectively responsible for every part of the Government ´s administration. The ministers are all choosed by the Queen, but they are choosed entirely on the PM ´s advice. All the ministers must be members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords, and a minister may only speak in the house of which he is a member. Some of the ministers and the offices have special titles such as the "Minister of Agriculture" and as the "Chancellor of the Exchequer. A politicial assistant to a minister is called, for example, the "Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture". If the Minister ´s title is "Secretary of State" his assistant is called for example, of "Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland". The Cabinet consists of the heads of the most important Departments together with a few ministers without departments. The PM decides which ministers will be included, but there is some, like the Foreign Secretary, whom he could not leave out. The number of members has varied in peacetime between 15-23. The Government is a wider term including ministers, ministers of state and junior ministers, plus 4 legal members and about twelve Government whips. The PM lives and works at No. 10 Downing Street. This is a pretty large house in a small street off Whitehall, where many of the departments have their offices, a very short distance from the Houses of Parliament. One of the rooms in the PM ´s house is the Cabinet-Room. This is where the Cabinet-Members meets usually once a week, but sometimes more often. The Cabinet itself is not recognized by any former law and it has no formal powers, but only real powers. It takes the effective

For What Reasons Did the Coalition Government Abolish Police Authorities in 2012? What Problems Do You Think Are Raised by the Introduction of Elected Police and Crime Commissioners?

For what reasons did the Coalition Government abolish police authorities in 2012? What problems do you think are raised by the introduction of elected Police and Crime Commissioners? This essays objective is to take into consideration the rationale of the Coalition governments’ decision to replace police authorities with elected Police and Crime Commissioners (PCC). A critique and a background of the police authorities operations will be discussed and evaluated. A brief history of policing before police authorities were established will also be explored.Furthermore, the reasons why there was a radical reform to PCC’s will be debated and the problems that may arise. Policing has always been a challenging issue and it most likely will always be challenging. Sir Robert Peel’s first principle of policing stated: â€Å"The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder† (Cited in Theresa, M 2010). There has been an attempt to always c ling onto this. The only difference is how certain authorities or political groups approach it. In the nineteenth century, autonomy and power were located within boroughs, locally.After a few attempts to try to centralise the police force and a few police corruption scandals which occurred in the 1950s, it was finally the time for the government to produce a centralised, professionalised group of senior police officers. In 1964, under the Police Act, these smaller, more manageable forces were to be known as â€Å"police authorities†. Their role was to ‘‘secure the maintenance and of an adequate and efficient police force for their area’’. (Citied in Williams, C 2003). However, the police authorities are now being replaced by elected PCCs.The main purpose of this reform is to restore the drive for local policing priorities and the public by leading engagement with local policing partners. This will boost the empowerment of local communities in crimina l justice affairs. Beginning with a little history of how and why police authorities were introduced. Throughout the nineteenth century and well into the twentieth, police power was largely seen as a responsibility of local government, and police were controlled by the appropriate local institution.The policing were in the hands of the local government and the boroughs of England and Wales, by whom fiercely protected the police powers exercised by their elected watch committees. These powers were symbolic of the city's independence, and police forces were crucial exercisers of executive power locally, concerning poor relief, licensing laws, the regulation of the streets, and the imposition of morality on the community. The 1835 Municipal Corporations Act introduced democracy to the self-governing towns of England and Wales.The only compulsory statutory duty was to select a watch committee to run the police force. The self-governing towns can be described as self-confident, prosperou s and autonomous. . The committees had complete power over the activities and composition of their forces. (Citied in Brogden, M 1982). The government aimed at increasing centralisation within the police force but after a few attempts to intervene, they failed. The first attempt by the state to reduce the autonomy of the towns and cities came after the 1853 Select Committee on Police, which recommended extending compulsory police provision to all areas.The Home Office were under no doubt that, the most efficient way to run each force would be to put it ‘under the orders of Government. However, these recommendations from the Home Office had to be consulted with the opposition of the local government. In 1854 and 1856, the Home Office's attempts to pass police bills that limited the rights of boroughs to control their own police forces were defeated by the borough. The boroughs also had total autonomy and democratic control over operational decisions.The watch committees, meetin g weekly, had the power to hire and fire members of their forces and were prepared to exercise it. (Citied in Emsley, C 1996). Further action was done by the Labour representatives in the 1920s to gain centralisation. By 1939, Labour controlled 18 out of 83 county boroughs. The Home Office took increasing responsibility for producing a class of leaders for police forces, and thus intervened increasingly in matters of training, promotion and appointment. The Home Office also began to intervene more in the appointment of Chief Constables.The 1950s Whitehall introduced a policy of refusing to appoint any Chief Constable who had no experience in a different force: this was clearly designed to create a more nationally homogenous and professionalised group of senior police officers. Since the increased effort for involvement with the boroughs and watch committees, there was a growing demand of professionalism within the police. The boroughs had co-operated fully in modernising and homogen ising the police forces, through co-operative training and communication. Citied in Loveday, B 1994) Between 1919 and 1964, the state tried using ‘efficiency', ‘economy', and ‘national security' as reasons to centralise control, before successfully employing ‘corruption' to achieve this. The 1960 Royal Commission was actively steered by the Home Office along its own centralist agenda, resulting in the 1964 Police Act, subsuming city forces into counties. These were influenced by the nature of two policing scandals of the late 1950s, which gave the Home Office a convenient point of entry with which to attack the status quo. (Citied in (Ludtgarten, L 1986).Both scandals were cases of corruption within the boroughs, the Brighton Borough police force in 1957, where the chief constable and two officers were arrested and charged with a variety of corrupt practises, and in Labour- controlled Nottingham in 1958, where there was an investigation launched on Labour cou ncillors and succeeded to prove that two labour councillors and the Secretary of the District Labour Party had been bribed on a visit to East Germany. Events such as mentioned above involving corruption led to the boroughs finally losing their police powers completely.A royal commission on the police had been appointed in 1960 to review the constitutional position of the police throughout Great Britain, and in 1964, the Police Act was introduced. (Citied in Willams, C 2003). Returning to answering the question more directly now, the Police Act of 1946 mirrored the interests of greater efficiency and greater central control over policing. It allowed for the amalgamation of existing forces into more efficient units, merging them into a more manageable number of 43 forces in England and Wales.The watch committees were replaced with police authorities. This new system was characterized as â€Å"the tripartite structure† of police accountability. The tripartite system distributes responsibilities between the Home Office, the local police authority, and the chief constable of the force. (Citied in Williams, C 2003). This tripartite system provides accountability to Parliament through the Home Secretary (who has responsibility for policing policy including centrally setting key priorities that are formalised within a National Policing Plan).Police Authorities were composed of councillors (two-thirds) and magistrates (one-third) and their role was to ‘‘secure the maintenance and of an adequate and efficient police force for their area’’. (Citied in Williams, C 2003). To liberate this duty they were provided with a number of specific and statutory responsibilities which included appointing and dismissing its senior officers, making sure arrangements are in place to consult the local community about the policing of their area and heir priorities, publish an annual local policing plan and a best value performance plan, setting out the pol icing priorities, performance targets, and the allocation of resources, to publish a three-year strategy plan, which must be approved by the Home Secretary and monitor the performance of the force in delivering the policing plan. (Joyce, P 2011: 118, 127). Although there have been issues raised about police authorities and these concerns will be brought to the surface, it can also be argued that police authorities have constituently tried to provide â€Å"an efficient and effective† police force.This can be shown by all the legislation that has been introduced. The 1994 Police and Magistrates Act, Courts Act (PMCA) 1995, the Police Act 1996, and the Police Reform Act 2002, have all endorsed the tripartite arrangements and aimed to fundamentally ensure and provide an adequate, efficient and effective police force. ( Citied in Williams, C 2003). The introduction of the policing pledge in 2008 by the Labour party, although it has been scrapped by the Coalition government, aimed at restoring public faith and to ensure the services being provided locally were adequate.Promises such as providing monthly local crime rates, answering all non-emergency calls promptly, providing information to the community on their Neighbourhood Policing Team i. e. where they are based, how to contact them and how to work with them were stated on this document, to increase community engagement and involvement. (Citied in The Policing Pledge, 2008). There has been placed a great deal of importance on empowerment, localisation, decentralisation of power and community involvement. There has been many green and white papers published to support this.David Blunkett’s â€Å"Civil Renewal† Agenda (2003) and David Cameron’s â€Å"Big Society† Agenda (2010) has influenced trends towards â€Å"community engagement, confident and cooperation† within their respective policing reform programmes continues. The agendas extensively focus on the responsibility of the government and every citizen’s efforts to strengthen communities, to revitalise our democracy and to provide more power and opportunity into people’s hands and security for all. It is believed that the engagement of everyone is necessary to make that happen; the government alone cannot fix every problem.Furthermore, Sir Ronnie Flanagan conducted the report of â€Å"The Review of Policing† in 2008. Flanagan stated that involving local communities in political decision-making processes is crucial and delivering in partnerships, developing the workforce and improving performance at force levels. (Flanagan, 2008). As mentioned above, there were concerns regarding the police authorities. One of the main issues was that central control undermined local police affairs power and authority. In the early 1980’s, there were clashes between police authorities and chief constables relating to who would have the final say in particular activity.The reliance of t he Home Office by chief constables tended to increase the power of the central government over local police arrangements. In addition, the introduction of the 1994 Police and Magistrates Courts Act enabled the Home Secretary to determine and set national objectives or priorties. This task was previously done by chief constables. Furthermore, the police areas would be assessed on their attainment by comparing to a set of performance targets. Empowerment, localisation, and decentralisation are clearly not desired. ( Citied in Williams, C 2003).Additionally, the situation continued to be aggravating as further developments such as the targets imposed by central government were extended and became the key tool of performance management. Police forces had to deliver on activities, which were determined centrally. Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in 1998 to promote clarity in service delivery, again centrally. This target regime led to the bulk of police work focusing on a chieving the targets imposed on them, this made it impossible to concentrate on local concerns. This again suggests the central power undermining powers and authority locally.Also, it was suggested that centrally determined targets â€Å"tend to distort priorties, tempting officers into using their tine in unproductive ways into directly fiddling performance figures† (Loveday and Reid, 2003: 19). Similarly, they created a â€Å"counting culture† within the police service whereby â€Å"only what got measured got done† (Loveday and Reid, 2003: 22). Additional research was undertaken in 2003 investigating the role of police authorities in public engagement. Participants that were interviewed saw police authorities’ independence from the police force as very important.This was because of the risk of corruption or abuse of power. â€Å"If it was 100 per cent fully independent, then I think that would make a lot of difference to people, and I think they would feel a lot happier knowing that it was being†¦kept an eye on. † (Home Office 2003: 19). However, many participants thought that police authorities did not appear to be independent enough, and this could undermine the community’s confidence and trust in them. There was a feeling in many groups that the number of independent members should increase or even that authorities should be composed completely of independent members.There were worries that the independent members might not have a fair say, as councillors and magistrates have an overall majority on the authority. (Citied in Home Office, 2003). â€Å"â€Å"You’re paying†¦.. it’s your community, you live there, so you should have a say in how it’s policed. † (Home Office 2003: 17). The community does seem to desire to get involved in the decision making, however when asked who made decisions about spending and who was responsible for the monitoring of police performance, there was very little spontaneous mention of police authorities. (Citied in Home Office, 2003).These findings suggest that police authorities are not adequate or efficient enough, people living in the communities have very little knowledge of police authorities and the question is why? More should be done to advertise and involve the community in the decision making process of what happens in their communities. Their involvement would increase the confidence in the police and create a more coherent community. Conversely, as the Coalition government scrapped the policing pledge, they also disposed police authorities in 2o12 and replaced them with elected police and crime commissioners (PCC).The Coalition government strongly believed that it was vital to replace bureaucratic accountability from central government to democratic accountability to the public. PCCs will make forces truly accountable to the communities they serve, ensuring that resources are properly targeted to where they are n eeded and giving the public a greater say in measures to reduce crime and improve community safety. The main aim of PCC was to â€Å"put power directly in the hands of the public†. (Home Affairs Committee, 2o1o:10). The key powers of PCCs are to set the police force budget and to hire and fire chief constables. Citied in Home Affairs Committee, 2010). The Elected PCC’s have overcome issues that the police authorities did not: the community involvement, empowerment and local governance is greater. The community elects their own PCC’s locally and it represents the drive for local policing priorities and the public by leading engagement with local policing partners. This new approach to policing is boosting the empowerment of local communities in criminal justice affairs. They will hold the elected chief constable to account; making sure that policing is responsive to the communities’ needs.There is an increased democratic accountability. (Citied in Home Aff airs Committee, 2010). However, this new reform also faces a few critiques. Lord Blair referred to this proposal as â€Å"the most lamentable provision about policing I have ever encountered† (Blair, 2011). Firstly, the PCC will replace the 17 or 19 members who currently represent a police authority. It is impossible to imagine how one person can adequately represent the diverse demands of the vast range of communities found in the areas covered by police forces, whether they are heavily populated urban ones or cover geographically large rural areas. Joyce, P 2011). As the policing needs and concerns of neighbourhoods are usually vastly different and are often in direct competition for finite police resources, it is a concern that a PCC will seek to direct policing to address the localised, sectionalised or political interests of those who elected him or her into office thus serving to politicise policing and opening the door to the possibility of corruption. (Joyce, P 2011). Before the 1964 Police Act, there were claims and investigations into policing corruption scandals: the Borough police force in 1957 and in Nottingham in 1958. Citied in Willams, C 2003). Its due to these concerns about policing corruption, the police force became centralised. This is a major concern and strict safeguards and monitoring will have to be established to avoid it from happening again. Secondly, there is the question as to whether this reform was needed. It is fair to suggest that it is intensely politicized and a populist measure. Valid criticisms can be made concerning the operations of police authorities, however this did not mean they were performing a poor job and providing a poor police service.Party politics were not injected onto the agenda. In fact, there was a good working relationship between the police authorities and the chief constables in many areas and the communities and local policing benefited from this. (Joyce, P 2011). Ian Loader (2008) stated that the â€Å"government is urged to take another ride on the law and order merry-go-round, to issue a fresh batch of crowd-pleasing-measures that can appease its apparently angry and anxious consumers†. Many will harmonize with this.The government is in need of public support, confidence and trust and the best way to get the local communities or â€Å"customers† support is to respond to our demands. As was mentioned above, the community would like more opportunities to get involved in the way their communities are being policed and the new reform of elected PCC’s can be perceived as a crowd-pleasing-measure. (Citied in Loader, I 2008). Garland again has famously said that the policy-making has become profoundly politicized and populist.Policy measures are constructed in ways that value public opinion over the views of experts and the evidence of research. â€Å"The dominant voice of crime policy is no longer the expert or even the practitioner but that of the long -suffering, ill served people- especially the victim and the fearful, anxious members of the public†. (Stated in The Culture of Control, 2001). Furthermore, a range of views were put forward on the role of PCCs from the consultation feedback and it was not all positive.Concerns have been expressed that a PCC, as a single individual, may not be effective across a whole force area and find it difficult to engage with communities sufficiently. Moreover, there was concerns received about the checks and balances proposed in the consultation. Some members believed that the arrangements might prove overly bureaucratic or create confusing lines of accountability for chief constables and the public. Others felt that they were too weak, or sought more detail on how the Police and Crime Panels (PCPs) would provide a real challenge and scrutiny. Citied in Theresa, M 2010). Many also expressed concerns about the political nature of the role of the PCC and in particular the involvement of c andidates supported by the main political parties. They believe this would risk cutting across the operational decisions made by chief constables and other police officers, and this would most definitely inject party politics, whereby police authorities did not. Additionally, there needs to be appropriate and respectable safeguards to be put in place regarding to circumstances under which a PCC could dismiss or suspend a chief constable.These issues, if they were to ever occur, could create tension between PCCs and chief constables. The community will have a knock-on effect from this, as they would be the ones feeling the consequences. There would not be an adequate and efficient service provided to the community. That was the aim of PCCs and if it does not meet its own aims, it would fail dramatically. (Citied in Theresa, M 2010). It is fair to say police authorities and PCCs have issues to be concerned about but also have positive points.Police authorities and the 1964 Police Act did structure the police force and it did aim at providing â€Å"an efficient and effective† police force. This is consistently shown by the constant need to improve and advance the services being provided to the public . The 1994 Police and Magistrates Act, Courts Act (PMCA) 1995, the Police Act 1996, and the Police Reform Act 2002, the Policing Pledge 2008, have all endorsed the tripartite arrangements and aimed to fundamentally ensure and provide an adequate, efficient and effective police force.However, the demand for empowerment, localisation, decentralisation of power and community involvement perpetually grew stronger too and the police authorities did set priorities and standards nationally, and not locally. Research was undertaken in 2003 investigating the role of police authorities in public engagement. participants that were interviewed saw police authorities’ independence from the police force as very important. This was because of the risk of corruption or abuse of power. You’re paying†¦.. it’s your community, you live there, so you should have a say in how it’s policed. (Home Office 2003: 17). The community does desire to get involved in the decision making, however the lack of knowledge of police authorities and how you can get involved or the lack of liberation of empowerment and localisation should be questioned. (Citied in Home Office, 2003). The Coalition government 2012 decided to introduce PCCs. The ain of this reform was to to democratic accountability to the public and to â€Å"put power directly in the hands of the public†. (Home Affairs Committee, 2o1o:10). In this case, the input from the public is greater and have greater local empowerment.However, PCC faces its problems too. It does face greater likelihood of policing corruption, a PCC, as a single individual, may not be effective across a whole force area and find it difficult to engage with communities sufficiently. 17 to 19 members a re being replaced by one PCC. It is impossible imagine how one person can adequately represent the diverse demands of the vast range of communities and activities. In conclusion, the question still remains as to whether this reform was needed, the police authorities were not proving a poor service or doing a poor job.Garland (2001) would suggest that the policy-making has become profoundly politicized and populist. The introduction of PCC was just a populist measure. However, the local communities may benefit from the empowerment and local prioritisation and if they do, PCCs have succeeded their aims. References †¢Blair, L. (2011), ‘‘Speech in the House of Lords 27 April’’, HL Debs Session 2010-11, Vol 727, Col 137 †¢Blunkett, David (2003) ‘Civil Renewal: A New Agenda’ , London: Home Office †¢Brogden, M (1982), â€Å"The Police: Autonomy and Consent†, London: Academic Press. Emsley, C (1996), â€Å"The English Police: a P olitical and Social History†, Harlow: Longman. †¢Flanagan, Sir Ronnie (Feb 2008) The Review of Policing: Final Report. London: Home Office †¢Garland, D (2001), â€Å"The Culture of Control. † Oxford: Oxford University Press. †¢Home Affairs Committee, (2008). ‘‘Policing in the twenty-first century’’, Seventh Report, Session 2007/08, House of Commons Paper 364, TSO, London. †¢Joyce, P. (2011). Police reform: from police authorities to police and crime commissioners. Sage, London. †¢Loveday, B. (1994), â€Å"The Police and Magistrates Courts Act†.Policing 10(4), pp 221-233 †¢Lustgarten, L. 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The Guardian Date accessed: 28 November 2012 http://www. guardian. co. uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/19/justice. ukcrime †¢The Policing Pledge (2008). London: Home Office Date Accessed: 1 December 2012 http://www. met. police. uk/pledge/our_pledge_leaflet. pdf