Anna Wintour Assignment free essay sample

The Leadership Style of Anne Wintour Nawid Obaydi British born Anna Wintour, born on November 3rd 1948 is the current editor in chief of world renowned fashion magazine ‘Vogue’. Having started her career in fashion in the early 1970’s working at Harpers and Queen in London, Anna Wintour has decades of experience in the fashion industry and is seen as one of the most influential figures in the fashion world. Anna Wintour was born to a father who was editor of the ‘London Evening Standard’, it was quite clear that Anna adopted her stern and tough working attitude from her father who was known as ‘Chilly Charlie’ within the media world due to his cold demeanour quite like his daughter who is known as ‘Nuclear Wintour’. Anna Wintour’s leadership style adopts a very authoritarian style approach due to the fact that it is evident she has clear expectations about how work should be carried out, in what style and within which time span. We will write a custom essay sample on Anna Wintour Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Due to her dominating attitude within the work place, it is also very noticeable that there is a clear division between the editor-in-chief of Vogue and the rest of the organisation; nonetheless Anna does incorporate certain aspects of a democratic leader such as being consulted by her Creative Director Grace Coddington which shows that Anna does not make decisions based on her sole input but rather allows her decisions to be influenced by those around her which therefore shows that Anna does not incorporate one particular leadership style but rather a mixture of both authoritarian and democratic. The Devil Wears Prada’ is a multi-award winning motion picture which is also based on Anna Wintour and her working and home life, although Anna argues that the film does not portray a realistic view of Anna Wintour, some critics argue that the real Anna Wintour can be seen within the film. From judging Anna Wintour, it is evident that she adopts a very humanistic approach within her behaviour and the way that she is perceived by others, the humanistic approach which was developed by Rogers states that ‘individuals experience a need for personal growth and fulfilment’ (Rogers, 1970) which is evident within the behaviour of Anna Wintour as she is a erson who feeds off success and therefore continues to be a key figure within the fashion industry. Anna Wintour can also be described as aloof and emotionally distant from others which could be a reason as to why she is in such high demand, these specific personality traits also coincide with Allports personality theory within which he states that people within a specific population area share the same trait(s) (Allport). This theory could relate to Anna Wintour due to the fact that she was born in England and the English culture could be argued is not one that is particularly an emotional culture especially within the early 1940’s which is when Anna was born. Anna Wintour’s father Charles Wintour could also be the reason behind Anna’s emotionless personality due to the fact that Charles Wintour was an editor who displayed a tough and stern personality style within the workplace and this proved to be a success for him so it may seem as if Anna is following in her father’s footsteps. Having observed Anna Wintour through various interviews and magazine articles, one specific identifiable trait that she possesses is the fact that she has a strong sense of self belief as she does not change her personality or the way in she conducts herself depending on where she is or who she is with even though she works within the fashion industry where wearing the same clothes twice is considered a crime. Anna Wintour’s personality can also come across as being extremely demanding which within the public eye can make her seem challenging to work with which could be a reason why she is such a prolific and controversial character. In order to understand Anna Wintour’s behaviour on a much more in-depth level, I decided to conduct a test of personality based on the ‘Big Five’ which consists of Extroversion, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness and Openness. Due to her dominant presence and the fact that she is very opinionated, I believe she rates highly as being quite an extrovert as she displays signs of quality leadership and she is sociable. On the neuroticism scale, I would rate Anna Wintour quite a low rating due to the fact that she rarely displays signs of emotion or nervousness and her personality is fairly consistent. Anna Wintour would rate very highly on the conscientiousness scale because in order to become the prominent figure she is today she had to display signs of perseverance and hard work nonetheless he would receive low ratings on agreeableness as she is not cooperative or friendly but rather impatient and this would also be similar on her rating on the openness scale due to the fact that she is a very closed figure and does not like to be consulted by others around her except those she has known for a long time such as her creative director. By conducting the Big Five personality test, the results have shown that Wintour’s personality traits have generated and developed from her biological heritage and shared culture which further reinstates Allports personality theory. Anna Wintour’s leadership style will have several impacts not only on the organisation but also on the employees. Due to her demanding manner employees may feel demotivated when working but also because their input is not taken into consideration as it is Anna Wintour who makes the ultimate and therefore the labour turnover within her organisation may be at a high rate, nonetheless by adopting an authoritarian leadership style many employees may feel this is an incentive for them to work harder in order to please Anna Wintour. Studies conducted by The Ohio State University studies in the 1950’s and 1960’s showed that there were two types of leader behaviours, these being ‘initiating structure’ and ‘consideration’ and it is evident that within Anna Wintour’s organisation she adopts an initiating structure leader behaviour as she ‘focuses on the achievement of objectives and includes clear supervision and role clarification’ (Brooks, 2011). Adopting an authoritarian leadership style means that there is a clear division between Anna Wintour and the rest of the employees within the organisation, this means that there is a centralised decision making process but it may also make Anna’s employees feel devalued or separated from those higher up within the hierarchy which could have a significant impact on employee morale. Nonetheless the authoritarian leadership style may impact beneficially on both Anna Wintour’s organisation and her employees, by delegating tasks quickly and effectively this means that employees are able to produce effective results in critical situations which are crucial when working within the fashion industry in particular the magazine sector. Adopting an authoritarian leadership style also means that there is a high level of discipline within the organisation which could be a reason that contributes to the success of Vogue magazine because employees know the difference between right and wrong and also know there are severe mplications if they were to do something wrong, this also means that employees will work to the best of their abilities in order to please those higher up within the hierarchy. In conclusion, Anna Wintour has proven to be an effective and successful leader regardless of the leadership style she has adopted in order to do so. Her cold hearted and uncooperative personality has become part of her identity and it is one of the main reasons why she is such a prominent figure in the fashion world today and why journalists and fashion designers alike are all eager to please her.Although the authoritarian leadership style may not work for the majority of businesses it has proven to be a success for both Anna Wintour and the Vogue organisation.

Ebola Poor Countries Essay Example

Ebola Poor Countries Essay Example Ebola Poor Countries Essay Ebola Poor Countries Essay In many hapless states, particularly Africa, people are holding a tough and about impossible conflict of win against the Ebola virus. Esther Awete from the western state of Sudan was believed to be the first victim of Ebola. However, scientists are still yet to happen out the chief inception of the virus, and interestingly, it besides affects monkeys excessively. Ebola has claimed many lives and in Zaire entirely ; the first eruption of the disease, there were already 318 instances, harmonizing to the Centre of Disease Control USA. Trends show that Ebola affects third-world states more. Ebola belongs to two groups of viruses in which 1 is called Filoviridae. Because the first eruption was in the Democratic Republic of Congo, it was named after a river at that place called Ebola. There are five categorizations of Ebola: Zaire virus, Sudan Ebola virus, Reston Ebola virus, Cote dIvoire virus which affects Pan troglodytess most, Bundibugyo virus. Most of the categorizations are named after the metropolis the type of Ebola first eruption was. The Ebola virus is shaped like a hockey stick and has a diameter of 80 nanometres. Ebola does non utilize cell division to retroflex itself alternatively invades a chief cell and instructs it to do transcripts of itself. Ebola can be contracted really easy. You can inhale it ; hold contact with an Ebola patient s blood or organic structure fluid to catch the disease. The Ebola virus starts of with febrility, concerns and musculus hurting. After a few yearss, more serious symptoms such as roseola on all parts of the organic structure, terrible emesis of blood, diarrhoea, take a breathing troubles and the most deathly symptom: Elimination of blood. Elimination of blood is really serious and the patient can decease anytime at this phase of the disease. The sick person of Ebola will normally decease in a few yearss and harmonizing to the World Health Organization, 90 % of the Ebola suffers will decease from the Ebola. It is besides classified as one of the 10 deadliest diseases to mankind Ebola is normally conceived to be malaria or common cold because of its symptoms but because of this incorrect construct, many died in Uganda in 2000, go forthing scientists to hold to develop trials for Ebola. Ebola virus can be tested by piss or spit. So far, there has been non an exact remedy for Ebola despite the formidable engineering we have now, but there are some medical specialties which can assist cut down the hurting and symptoms. Ebola can do desiccation and physicians can order re-hydration sachets for patients, help the coagulum of blood vass to halt the hemorrhage, equilibrating the blood and O degree etc. Scientist is still go oning to research and happen a remedy for Ebola. However, scientist has late developed a vaccinum which can forestall Ebola, but this is unaccessible for people in the poorer states as there is a deficiency of money. Deaths because of Ebola can besides distribute the disease to others. That is why, people who died from Ebola demand to be buried deep in the land and cemented in order to forestall the disease from being contracted by another individual. Ebola can besides be used as Weapon of Mass devastation and can present a great menace if used as a arm at war. The former Soviet Union biological arm plan Biopreparat, has besides researched on Ebola and distributed the information as a biological arm. The terrorist group of Japan, Aum Shinrikyo s leader, Shoko Asahara, led 40 members of the group to Zaire to roll up the disease to utilize as a biological arm. Experts can already foretell that if this biological arm is launched in New York, it can kill 1000s. To do the effects of the biological arm more terrible and effectual, states have modified Ebola to do it even more morbific. The Ebola virus besides has inauspicious effects on the environment and environmentalists fear about the archpriest group which can besides contract Ebola. In the past four twelvemonth, more than 5000 gorillas were killed because of Ebola, largely in Zaire. The Primatess can distribute the disease to each other easy and there is besides no remedy for it. Approximately 88 per centum of the Pan troglodytes s population has declined because of the Ebola virus in 2003. Scientists are now doing every attempt to immunize every archpriest against Ebola virus in Africa. Although the Ebola Virus is so fractional, it is a really strong and deathly disease which can do painful and really uncomfortable symptoms such as emesis of blood and elimination of blood. Furthermore, the intellectualness of this virus is so high, that it merely needs to occupy a cell of person, and in a few yearss, life has ended for that individual Used Web sites: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/ebola/ebolatable.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/en/index.htmlhttp: //www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/intro/bio_ebola.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //ebola.emedtv.com/ebola/is-there-a-cure-for-ebola.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.afrol.com/articles/23218

Reflective evaluation of my role as an audience member and responder Essay - 1

Reflective evaluation of my role as an audience member and responder in the debate process - Essay Example The debates were not limited to a fixed circle of knowledge but instead provided knowledge which comprises a number of related issues in the field. The debates were persuasive and called for an initiative which focuses on children and their future rather than on initiative which limit the educational opportunities for children like a limit of 20% EAL pupils in any one school. I personally believe that these debates provided some good and useful information about the policies and initiatives on children education. The debate process was, however, time consuming and required a focused mind to understand each important point of the debate. The presentation styles differed greatly from one person to the other. It was difficult to identify the distinct styles as the debating style affects the impression that audience receives. Some debates were more inclined towards convincing the audience on their point of view, while others were designed in a way to motivate people on change. Some debates were complex and were formulated in a difficult structure which required experts in the field to understand them, while, others were easier to understand for everyone whether or not they are related to the field with which the debate was linked to. I personally believe that this experience was excellent as I found ways of accepting and rejecting certain points in my role as a responder to the debate. The role as a responder was much difficult when it came to critically analyze each point. My aim was not to accept or reject any point or concept without examining the true impact of it on children and the learning environment as a whole. The notion that every key stage two child should learn another language was quite challenging. The debate was more inclined towards exposing the positivity of the idea. However, the negative impacts were not given much time to expose. The negativity of this idea lied in the stress and

European Monetary Union without a Banking or Fiscal Union cannot Essay

European Monetary Union without a Banking or Fiscal Union cannot succeed. Please critically evaluate this statement with s - Essay Example Before going into detail as to why and how fiscal and banking union can facilitate success of monetary union, it will be prudent to delve deeper into the aspects that are responsible in creating a state of financial instability in the European Union. It is worth noting that unlike the United States, fiscal measures are not exercised by the EMU and that is where the major crux of the issue lies. Genesis of Crisis EU witnessed a sovereign debt crisis and an unprecedented banking crisis in the recent years. It is important to note that both did not surface in isolation but they were interrelated. Sovereign debt crisis had its genesis in poor fiscal management over several years violating Maastricht Treaty. A fairly large number of Spanish banks are afflicted with their own sovereign debt and because of that have lost their substantial Tier I capital. Thus, banking crisis has its roots, albeit in an indirect way, to the fiscal mismanagement. It is also true that the US subprime crisis di d contribute to the woes of the European banks. When seen in terms of the fiscal mismanagement, the genesis of debt crisis is old. ... The irony was that much of the borrowing was not revealed because each successive government had to meet the euro norm that restricted borrowing at 3% of GDP. Everything was fine until global financial crisis surfaced in 2008 that exposed many EU countries for their imprudent fiscal policies. Debt levels went so high that it was impossible for the country to repay them. While providing the rescue package, the European Union attached several conditions that further compounded Greece's woes. In May, 2010, Greece was provided with funds of 110bn Euros so that government could pay its creditors. It was soon realized that given funds were not enough and another tranche of 130bn euro was planned. Maastricht Treaty among the member states specifies that total debt should not exceed 60 percent of GDP. Even this norm was flaunted by the member countries considerably. For example, in 2000, Greece had total debt of 103.4% as a proportion of GDP that rose to 145% and 165% in 2010 and 2011 respec tively. Italy too had the total debt-GDP ratio of 108% in 2000 that rose to 120% in 2011 (BBC News, 2012). Fiscal Discipline – A Necessity In the above perspective, it is quite obvious that monetary union cannot achieve desired results in the euro zone area as far as the financial stability is concerned. A fiscal discipline is extremely necessary; however, monetary union has no control on fiscal imbalances created by the member states. Cottarelli (2012) from the IMF argues that in view of the current situation and to bring the EU out of crisis, a Fiscal Union is an absolute necessity built on the following criteria. 1. The Fiscal Union can enforce stronger constraints on state deficits and debt creation that will help

Interpetive journey for new testament letters Essay

Interpetive journey for new testament letters - Essay Example Modern Christians are now being swayed by different doctrines as the early Christians experienced. They also struggle with their surroundings in terms of getting rich, educated and competitive. Religions were abundantly affecting the Christians then as they do today. Greek philosophy greatly influenced them also while contemporary Christians are largely influenced by science and technological advancements. Communication is now fast and so is the indoctrination of Christians happening worldwide in just a matter of seconds. The early Christians’ faiths were tested when other doctrines were introduced to them which are almost the same in today’s religious issues. There are those who encourage other teachings because they consider Jesus as only ‘one’ among the many ways to heaven and others even use the Bible itself to explain other teachings. In the midst of these confusions, people tend to be swayed in their beliefs just as the Colossians experienced. Therefore, the words of Paul to the Colossians more than two thousand years ago still speak to modern Christians. It is a challenge for true believers in Jesus to maintain a life that is focused on Him alone and must not be swayed by other teachings. Science, money and power may say that they are what can bring people good life but just like the Greek philosophies; they cannot actually bring people to heaven where Christ is seated. Gods and goddesses of religions may be presented as powerful as God but they can never compare to the God who became like one of His creations, to die on the cross in order to save sinners. Therefore, a true Christian must fix his eyes on Jesus alone so that he would be able to see Him on His second

Effects of Olfaction and Pheromones | Literature Review

Effects of Olfaction and Pheromones | Literature Review Abstract: A favorable scent goes a long way. An odor or fragrance (commonly referred to as a smell) is caused by one or more volatilized  chemical compounds, generally at a very low concentration, that humans or other animals perceive by the  sense  of  olfaction. Odors are also commonly called scents, which can refer to both pleasant and unpleasant odors. Scent plays a very important role in our lives. A pheromone is a secreted or excreted  chemical  factor that triggers a social response in members of the same  species. A survey of sample size 30 college students was conducted to find out if scent did attract attention or not. Keywords: Olfaction, human pheromones, MHC genes Introduction: Want to boost your mood or stir up old memories? Just use your nose. And, most important, scent can even drive one to romantic distraction. Think of your partners pajamas. Indeed, the nose can suss out something as complex as sexual compatibility. The terms fragrance and aroma are used primarily by the food and cosmetic industry to describe a pleasant odor, and are sometimes used to refer to  perfumes. In contrast, malodor, stench, reek, and stink are used specifically to describe unpleasant odor. In the  United Kingdom, odour refers to scents in general. In the United States, odor has a more negative connotation, such as smell, stench or stink, while scent or aromas are used for pleasant smells. Research has shown that certain human body odors are connected to human sexual attraction. Both fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) are connected to scent. Review of literature: OLFACTION Olfaction or olfactory perception is the  sense  of smell. Many vertebrates, including most mammals and reptiles, have two distinct olfactory systems—the main olfactory system, and the accessory olfactory system which is mainly used to detect pheromones. In female humans, the sense of olfaction is strongest around the time of ovulation, significantly stronger than during other phases of the menstrual cycle and also stronger than the sense in males. The MHC genes (known as HLA in humans) are a group of genes present in many animals and important for the immune system; in general, offspring from parents with differing MHC genes have a stronger immune system. Fish, mice and female humans are able to smell some aspect of the MHC genes of potential sex partners and prefer partners with MHC genes different from their own. Humans can detect individuals that are blood-related kin (mothers/fathers and children but not husbands and wives) from olfaction. The ability to identify odors varies among people and decreases with age. Studies show there are sex differences in odor discrimination; women usually outperform males. Pregnant women also have increased smell sensitivity, sometimes resulting in abnormal taste and smell perceptions, leading to food cravings or aversions. Olfactory Reference Syndrome (ORS) is a condition in which those affected have an excessive preoccupation with the concern that body odor may be foul or, on a good day, unpleasant. HUMAN PHEROMONES A pheromone is a secreted or excreted  chemical  factor that triggers a social response in members of the same  species. Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting outside the body of the secreting individual to impact the behavior of the receiving individual. While humans are highly dependent upon visual cues, when in close proximity smells also play a big role in sociosexual behaviors. There is an inherent difficulty in studying human pheromones because of the need for cleanliness and odorlessness in human participants. The focus of the experiments on human pheromones has been on three classes of putative pheromones: axillary steroids, vaginal aliphatic acids, and stimulators of the  vomeronasal organ. Pheromones have been demonstrated clearly in other species, but their existence and ability to affect humans is still under debate. Several studies have been conducted that have reached different conclusions, but some pheromone effects seen in other mammals are definitely present in humans. Most studies have found that human sweat or putative pheromones increase physiological arousal, one way or another. This idea that something we cant even consciously smell is affecting our behavior is horrifying to some people, but in reality we are controlled by the combination of all our senses! Gustav Jà ¤ger (1832-1917), a German doctor and hygienist is thought to be the first scientist to put forward the idea of human pheromones. He called the manthropines. He said they were lipophilic compounds associated with skin and follicles that mark the individual signature of human odors. Lipophilic compounds are those that tend to combine with, or are capable of dissolving in lipids. Researchers in the University of Chicago claimed that they managed to link the synchronization of womens menstrual cycles to unconscious odor cues. The head researcher was called Martha McClintock, hence the coined termthe McClintock effect. When exposing a group of women to a whiff of sweat from other women, their menstrual cycles either accelerated or slowed down; depending on when during the menstrual cycle the sweat was collected before, during or after ovulation. The scientists said that the pheromone collected before ovulation shortened the ovarian cycle, while the pheromone collected during ovulation lengthened it. Even so, recent analyses of McClintocks study and methodology have questioned its validity. There are four principal kinds of pheromones: Releaser pheromones they elicit an immediate response, the response is rapid and reliable. They are usually linked to sexual attraction. Primer pheromones these take longer to get a response. They can, for example, influence the development or reproduction  physiology, including menstrual cycles in females,  puberty, and the success or failure of pregnancy. Signaler pheromones these provide information. They may help the mother to recognize her newborn by scent (fathers cannot usually do this). Modulator pheromones they can either alter or synchronize bodily functions. Usually found in sweat. There are differences between men and women in the types of glands, secretions and even microbial flora present in the axillary environment, suggesting a sex-specific role. Most of these glands do not become active until after puberty, suggesting a role in sexual communication. (Hays, 2003) Pheromone-like compounds are also found in salivary, seminal and urine secretions, but studies tend to focus on the most accessible: axillary sweat. Jacob (2000, 2001) found increased physiological effects, only noticed a positive increase in mood and increased arousal in women when the test administrator present was male. Men were unaffected by the sex of the tester, but had slightly less effects than females overall. They concluded that pheromones are incredibly context dependent. Humans must integrate many different brain functions to affect arousal and mood. Psychologists Rachel Herz and Estelle Campenni were just getting to know each other, swapping stories about their lives over coffee, when Campenni confided something unexpected: She was living proof, she said, of love at first smell. I knew I would marry my husband the minute I smelled him, she told Herz. Ive always been into smell, but this was different; he really smelled good to me. His scent made me feel safe and at the same time turned on—and Im talking about his real body smell, not cologne or soap. Id never felt like that from a mans smell before. Weve been married for eight years now and have three kids, and his smell is always very sexy to me. RESEARCH In the now famous T-shirt experiments it was shown that specific women chose as most sexy and pleasant smelling T-shirts belonging to men who had immune systems that were different from their own. Because we all possess different MHC genes (and body-odor), for every woman a different set of men will be delicious smelling and others wont be. Theres no Brad Pitt of body odor! A womans nose not only responds to a mans body-odor in terms of his biological suitability, women actually find how a man smells to be the most important factor in their sexual attraction. In two large studies were conducted to examine how important various physical and social status factors were for men and women when choosing a sexual partner, we discovered that above all other physical characteristics, women ranked a mans scent as the most important feature for determining whether she would be sexually interested in him. How a man smelled was also more much important than any social status factor. And of all physical characteristics women preferred a man to be better than average in his body-odor than anything else. Women also found men who smelled great due to the fragrance they wore irresistible. In the words of one respondent: If Im with a guy who smells really good, nothing else about him seems to matter. Among heterosexual couples, similar MHC profiles spell relational difficulty, Christine Garver-Apgar, a psychologist at the University of New Mexico, has found. As the proportion of MHC alleles increased, womens sexual responsiveness to their partners decreased, and their number of sex partners outside the relationship increased, Garver-Apgar reports. The number of MHC genes couples shared corresponded directly with the likelihood that they would cheat on one another; if a man and woman had 50 percent of their MHC alleles in common, the woman had a 50 percent chance of sleeping with another man behind her partners back. You encounter a particular smell, and it immediately transports you back to an earlier time and to a pleasant memory. A recent feature in the Association of Psychological Sciences’ Observer discusses the connection. Researchers have discovered that there is a strong connection between smells, emotions and early life experiences. In fact, there is a strong relationship between certain smells experienced very early in life, typically before age 5, that will trigger pleasant feelings and memories. This is particularly true for odors that we don’t smell every day. The reason for these associations is that the brain’s olfactory bulb is connected to both the amygdala (an emotion center) and to the hippocampus, which is involved in memory. And, because smells serve a survival function (odors can keep us from eating spoiled or poisonous foods), some of these associations are made very quickly, and may even involve a one-time association. But even in adulthood, we can easily make associations between smells and memories. You might draw a connection between a certain perfume or cologne and a first encounter with a friend or lover, or the scent of a certain food may transport you back to the first time you ate it. Among heterosexual couples, similar MHC profiles spell relational difficulty, Christine Garver-Apgar, a psychologist at the University of New Mexico, has found. As the proportion of MHC alleles increased, womens sexual responsiveness to their partners decreased, and their number of sex partners outside the relationship increased, Garver-Apgar reports. The number of MHC genes couples shared corresponded directly with the likelihood that they would cheat on one another; if a man and woman had 50 percent of their MHC alleles in common, the woman had a 50 percent chance of sleeping with another man behind her partners back. SURVEY A survey was conducted. The hypothesis was â€Å"Scent Attracts Attention†. A sample of 30 teenagers from the age 17-21 out of which 15 were females and 15 were males. Each one of them a questionnaire consisting of 17 questions. Some questions were ranged from 1- 5 and some were yes, no or may be. All the questions were given a score and accordingly the score was found out. The following were the questions given to the subjects. QUESTIONNAIRE Q1. How likely are you to initiate a conversation with a stranger on the basis of good fragrance that he/she is wearing? Very unlikely Very likely 1 2 3 4 5 Q2. How likely are you to avoid having a conversation if the other person has a bad breath? Very unlikely Very likely 1 2 3 4 5 Q3. Is good fragrance an important factor in framing first impression? Yes No Q4. Would you consider going for an aroma therapy? Yes No Q5. Do advertisements about perfumes or deodorants urge you to buy them? Yes No Q6. Have you ever been attracted to a person because of the way they smell? Yes No May be Q7. Do you feel that putting an external fragrance affects your self-esteem? Yes No May be Q8. What do you prefer, natural body odour or external fragrance? Natural odour or External fragrance Q9. Do you feel men and women have different body odours? Yes No May be Q10. Have you ever purchased body fragrances in order to improve your interpersonal relationship? Yes No Q11. How conscious are you about your body odour and its impact? Very unconscious Very conscious 1 2 3 4 5 Q12. Does deodorant/perfume attract people? Yes No Q13. How frequently do you use deodorants/perfume in a day? Never Once twice every few hours Q14. While travelling, can you tolerate other people’s body odour? Yes No Q15. Would you ever use external fragrances as a substitute to showering? Yes No Sometimes Q16. Do you buy soaps, body wash or talcum powder to help you enhance your body odour? Yes No May be Q17. Would you use gender specific deodorants/perfumes? Yes No QUESTIONNAIRE SCORING Q1. How likely are you to initiate a conversation with a stranger on the basis of good fragrance that he/she is wearing? Very unlikely Very likely 1 2 3 4 5 Q2. How likely are you to avoid having a conversation if the other person has a bad breath? Very unlikely Very likely 1 2 3 4 5 Q3. Is good fragrance an important factor in framing first impression? Yes (5) No (1) Q4. Would you consider going for an aroma therapy? Yes (5) No (1) Q5. Do advertisements about perfumes or deodorants urge you to buy them? Yes (5) No (1) Q6. Have you ever been attracted to a person because of the way they smell? Yes (5) No (1) May be (3) Q7. Do you feel that putting an external fragrance affects your self-esteem? Yes (5) No (1) May be (3) Q8. What do you prefer, natural body odour or external fragrance? Natural odour (1) or External fragrance (5) Q9. Do you feel men and women have different body odours? Yes (5) No (1) May be (3) Q10. Have you ever purchased body fragrances in order to improve your interpersonal relationship? Yes (5) No (1) Q11. How conscious are you about your body odour and its impact? Very unconscious Very conscious 1 2 3 4 5 Q12. Does deodorant/perfume attract people? Yes (5) No (1) Q13. How frequently do you use deodorants/perfume in a day? Never (1) Once (2) twice (3) every few hours (5) Q14. While travelling, can you tolerate other people’s body odour? Yes (1) No (5) Q15. Would you ever use external fragrances as a substitute to showering? Yes (5) No (1) Sometimes (3) Q16. Do you buy soaps, body wash or talcum powder to help you enhance your body odour? Yes (5) No (1) May be (3) Q17. Would you use gender specific deodorants/perfumes? Yes (5) No (1) Classification done according to the scores is the following: 17-34: Not attracted to scent at all 35-52: A little attracted towards scent 53-70: Moderate attraction towards to scent 71-85: High attraction towards scent The total score of females was 767. The total score of males was 792. The total score was 1559. The highest score one could get was 85. The lowest score one could get was 17. The highest total score could be 2550. The lowest total score could be 510. TOTAL No attraction towards scent: 0 A little attracted towards scent: 16 Moderate attraction towards to scent: 12 High attraction towards scent: 2 The conclusion of the survey was that there is little or moderate attraction towards scent. The hypothesis was proved correct, scent does attract attention. Males are attracted to scent more than females. References: www.psychology today.com www.wikipedia.com

The Powerful Message of Ayn Rand’s Atlas Shrugged Essay -- Atlas Shrug

The Powerful Message of Ayn Rand’s Atlas Shrugged       Capitalism, according to John Galt, is "mutual trade to mutual advantage," (Rand Atlas Shrugged 989) or as Adam Smith put it: "[trade] by mutual consent and to mutual advantage." In true capitalism, the economy is strictly separated from the state, just as there is a separation between church and state in the USA. This basic tenet of capitalism describes the only economic system that can be morally justifiable. Communism, fascism, socialism, dictatorships and "regulated capitalism" are all systems that breach upon an individual's basic rights, while capitalism respects and recognizes a man's right to control the product of his mind. In her philosophical treatise Atlas Shrugged, Ayn Rand uses fictional characters and events to dramatize the only economy that is consistent with man's rights and virtues.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before Ayn Rand, no one had ever seriously attempted to justify capitalism on moral grounds. It was a given that capitalism was immoral; the proponents of capitalism merely tried to exhibit the efficiency of the system (i.e., it is a "necessary evil"). Economists did this because they focused only on the people who would be helped by an anti-capitalist society: the "needy." What Ayn Rand presents so masterfully through Atlas Shrugged is the objective perspective of what is occurring in societies where people may take from others for the "public good"; in the novel, she repeatedly begs the question: "At whose expense?" When the People's State of Mexico nationalizes the San Sebastià ¡n mines, Ayn Rand clearly presents what is really happening: a gang of looters is robbing an honest business for their own benefit. In any other case, this wo... ...and certainly undeserving Orren Boyle can use it without compensation. Is that justice? It is clear that capitalism is the only economic system that gives people what they deserve; capitalism is economic justice.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Capitalism has been proven time and time again to be the most "effective" (in terms of production) economic system in existence, but this is only secondary to the primary fact that it is the only moral economy. In Atlas Shrugged Ayn Rand shows that, by its very nature, capitalism is freedom: the freedom for a man to do what he wants to do with the product of his own mind and effort and, the corollary to that, the freedom to live.    Works Cited Rand, Ayn. Atlas Shrugged. New York: Random House, Inc., 1957. ---. "Man's Rights." Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal. New York: The New American Library, 1967. 286-94.      

Realism in Romantic poetry Essay

Reality is abstract, as it depends on every individual’s own perspective. When Wordsworth says, â€Å"world is too much with us†, it depends on us how we look at the world, as every being has a world of his own. We acknowledge the events around us with whom we can relate, but ignore many other changes considerable for others. Most of the times, Romantics are considered escapist, and are alleged that their writings reflect an Imaginary world far from the reality surrounding us. But going through various poems of Wordsworth and Coleridge, I find it vice versa. â€Å"All bright and glittering in the smokeless air. Never did sun more beautifully steep In his first splendor, valley, rock, or hill; Ne’er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep! The river glideth at his own sweet will: Dear God! The very houses seem asleep; And all that mighty heart is lying still! † [Westminster Bridge; Wordsworth; Sept 3,1802] The allegation that Wordsworth moved from the harsh realities of the cities brought about by the industrial revolution initiated in 1765. This allegation was made relatively stronger by placing Wordsworth vis-a-vis Victorian realism. In my view such an allegation is a product of superficial readings of his poems. The poem composed upon ‘Westminster Bridge’ illustrates keen sense of socio-economy of the then London. It describes the urban landscape departing from his stock theme based on rural landscape. It talks about the landscape of the city which has been divested to its negative qualities. Like the smoke of the industries, the busy crowd, insensitive to its fellow man and the incessant desire in man to control nature. The term smokeless air is for him a matter to rejoice a state of the city distilled of the harmful effects of industrialization. The line, â€Å"the river glideth at his own sweet will† encapsulates the entire project of Wordsworth vis-a-vis the new call given by the middle class to conquer and exploit nature. In this sense his realism is much more pronounced and subtle than it is taken into account of. Citing from historical context, one can notice the involvement of the likes of Coleridge, Wordsworth and Lamb during French revolution. In 1798, the year ‘Lyrical Ballads’, a joint effort by Wordsworth and Coleridge, came out, was a turbulent period in England’s history. Hostilities had broken out between Her and France in 1793 (and was to last with unremarkable intermission for over twenty years), and by 1798, she was faring badly in the war. Wordsworth had, of course, visited France in 1791-92, and had been in Paris at perhaps the most critical of all the great moments of the French Revolution that began with the destruction of the notorious prison of the Bastille in July 1789. (Coleridge’s poem, An Ode on the Destruction of the Bastille). The political tussle between the Girondins and the Jacobins were at a height, and Wordsworth saw clearly the slow rise of the Jacobins under Robespierre. He felt a deep concern for the Girondin leaders whom he felt were the genuine revolutionaries. He believed in the â€Å"reasonableness† of human nature and also believed passionately that men were â€Å"worthy of liberty†. Wordsworth’s early republicanism, his concern for France and the Revolution is described memorably in his long and autobiographical Prelude: Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive, But to be young was very Heaven! O times, In which the meager, stale, forbidding ways Of custom, law and statute, took at once The attraction of a country in romance! The prelude testifies to the shock that Wordsworth felt in his â€Å"moral nature† when he saw the Revolution that was to redeem mankind, turn to dust. For many, Tom Paine, William Godwin, Coleridge and Wordsworth, the French Revolution was not simply as struggle of a people to be free- it was mankind’s struggle to achieve something better- a new age for the entire human race- when aristocracy and class privilege would give to democracy and â€Å"Reason† would destroy the fetters of superstition and tyranny. Coleridge, like Wordsworth, had been swayed by the ideals of the Revolution, but the savagery and unrestrained mob frenzy under the Terror disillusioned him as did the rise of Napoleon and France’s aggressive conquests of other European nations. In France, An Ode and Fears in Solitude, Coleridge describe his feelings with candour: O France, that mockest Heaven, adulterous, blind, And patriot only in pernicious toils! Are these thy boasts, Champion of humankind? To mix with kings in low lust of sway, Yell in the hunt, and share the murderous prey; To insult the Shrine of Liberty with spoils From freemen torn; to tempt and to betray? [France, An Ode] British sympathizers of the French Revolution like Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey were lampooned in the conservative press. Coleridge was so much influenced by William Godwin’s idea (Political Justice, 1793) of rejection of authority, abolition of private property, creation of a just state that along with Robert Southey, he was ready to set sail for America to establish a perfect state along the lines charted by Godwin. The political ideas of Wordsworth and Coleridge was also strengthened by pursuing the ideological goals of Unitarianism (which verged on radical deism) and drew heavily on the ideas of English â€Å"Commonwealthman† of the seventeenth century. Side by side to these intellectual debates between the conservatives and the liberals, the economic and the human cost of the war proving to be enormous. In the country, rural poverty was becoming acute and the number of beggars, starving children, gypsies, wounded soldiers roaming the country lanes could be seen from early poetry. Wordsworth’s poetic capability to recreate the sorrows and hardships of these homeless, starving populace is one of his lasting achievement as a poet. The Old Cumberland Beggar in poem of the same name, the traveler of Guilt and Sorrow, the blind London beggar in The Prelude are all powerful figures of forsaken humanity who become permanent symbols of the human condition. The effect of industrialization was viewed by both Wordsworth and Coleridge with a mixture of excitement and distrust. The new industrial cities- Birmingham, Sheffield, Liverpool, Leeds, Manchester, by 1815, contained a large population that had come from the country to look for work, and both Wordsworth and Coleridge were increasingly worried about the rising number of poor. Against the expanding complexities of men living in an industrial wasteland, the destruction of old livelihoods and an increasing impossibility to believe in a benign Providence, harmony with Nature offered the Romantic poets another way of life. The disruptive force of the French Revolution added the impetus to romanticism. There are individual differences among the great romantic poets concerning the conception of nature. But all of them share a common objection to the mechanistic universe of the eighteenth century- even though Wordsworth admires Newton and accepts him, at least in the orthodox interpretation. All romantic poets conceived of nature as an organic whole, on the analogue of man rather than a concourse of atoms- a nature that is not divorced from aesthetic values, which are just as real (or rather more real) than the abstractions of science. My conclusion concerning the romantic poets may be unorthodox and even unconventional. On the whole political criteria seem grossly overrated as a basis for judging a man. References Blake, Wordsworth and Coleridge [Edited by Debjan Sengupta and Shernaz Cama; Worldview Critical Editions] The Prelude by William Wordsworth An Ode on the Destruction of the Bastille by Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Essay on Roman Empire and Julius Caesar

Essay on Roman Empire and Julius Caesar Essay on Roman Empire and Julius Caesar Liam Downey-Wall 3-17-13 Comparison of the Stability of the Roman Republic vs. Roman Empire Julius Cesar abruptly transitioned from a republic to an empire In order to understand the comparative stability of the Republic vs. that of the Empire; we must first identify and discuss some of the characteristics of each. Only by evaluating the characteristics can we identify the more stable form of government. The Republic style of government is characterized by the following: a senate of 300 members yielding more power per person, dictatorship for 6 months at a time and an indirect democracy. The dictator’s term of 6 months at a time was hardly enough time to learn the issues and task at hand. The short terms of office created instability in the government. Some of the characteristics of an empire include the following: senate has 600 members, with a senate of 600 people that means less power per senator, an emperor for life, a position that is passed down from generation to generation, one ruler/monarch. This type of government gave more power to Caesar and less to the people. Due to the longer terms in office it allowed Caesar to make many more reforms, for example, redistribution of land and wealth and creation of Julian calendar. One upside to the change of empire was many reforms were made. Caesar kept the empire in the hands of his heir, so no one out side the Caesar family could rule. The Empire form of government served the people well

Analysis of the Stages in Life Span Development essays

Analysis of the Stages in Life Span Development essays When breaking down the life span into stages such as childhood, adulthood, and late adulthood; the break down seeks to bring unity to the life of human being, and ultimately helps us to understand the development of a person. The science of human developments seeks to understand how and why people change or remain the same over time at all ages in all different circumstances. Human beings are so complex in so many ways and it is important that as humans we understand these crucial developmental stages in our life to better communicate and prepare for these stages in our lives. I additionally wanted to focus on the level of moral development among the interviewees at each of the stages in development. To better understand the characteristics of these developmental stages, the moral reasoning developmental process and differences and similarities seen among the people of the interviewees; I interviewed eight individuals. I interviewed both a female and male in the school age, adolescence, emerging adulthood, adulthood, and older adulthood developmental stages. The interviewees were selected at random. I conducted a personal face to face interview with each interviewee. During the interview I asked a series of eight questions pertaining to their goals, accomplishments, worries, important people in their lives, fears they currently have as well as a scenario question pertaining to a moral dilemma. After conducting these interviews I was able to analyze the different stages in life span development further and make clear observations of similarities and differences between the interviewees. Although the interviews allowed me a great amount of observation as well as useful insight; the answers to these eight questions did not summarize in anyway the multi-contextual, multicultural, multidisciplinary, plastic, and multi-directional development of each person. I conducted an interview with a ten year old male and an eight year old fe...

The Great Depression Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Great Depression - Research Paper Example It began in the U.S but quickly spread to the entire world. It hit hard on major cities, especially those dependent on heavy industry. It took a toll on prices, tax revenue, personal income and profits. International trade shrunk by over 50% to 75%. Unemployment in the U.S increased to over 25%, while GDP fell by over 36%. Consumption declined and so did the industrial output. Additionally, it had political ramifications. It led to the election of President Roosevelt in U.S and the rise of Hitler’s Nazi regime in Germany. Historians argue that it was one of the major causes of the World War II. Not even Roosevelt’s New Deal could pull the U.S economy out of the depression. Countries began to recover in the mid 1930s. Ironically, the beginning of World War II marked the end of the Great depression. Causes Recessions in a business cycle are normal, and a product of balances between demand and supply. What turned normal events into a recession has been a subject of widespr ead debate. A combination of domestic and international factors was culpable for the great depression: structural weaknesses and individual events. a) Boom to Bust The period following World War I is widely regarded as an era of prosperity for the American people. U.S.A had just emerged as a leading superpower. Business started thriving and the quality of life improved dramatically. There were post war reconstructions and low interest rates which ignited the boom. President Coolidge in his state of the nation address in 1929 noted that the nation had never witnessed better prospects than it did then. Automobiles were growing cheaper and more popular. Stock prices were on an upward trend. In fact, the Dow Jones Industrial Average quadrupled between 1924 and 1927. The market experienced the biggest bullish run ever. Many people thought that this was a permanent phenomenon. Many investors were lured into the stock market, some investing on margin using loans. According to Suddah (2008) , out of every 5 dollars loaned by banks, 2 were spent to buy stock. In essence, there was a huge supply of money, which primarily led to speculative stock prices. Besides stock markets, there was a boom in the real estate sector. There was a surge in the real estate sector particularly because of the low market interest rates. Why did the boom to bust contribute to the depression? Boom and bust is a normal feature of a capitalist economy. It was bound to end. It had been a period excessively easy monetary policy. There was a general absence of proper regulation in the monetary sector. It led to excessive speculation, where investors speculated that the share price would keep the upward trend. As a result of increased demand, the share prices became artificially higher: and did not reflect their real value. The speculative euphoria and the boom psychology created underlying weaknesses and imbalances within the economy. Consequently, the nation was not able to deal with the downward spiral in the economy. b) Stock Market Crash of 1929 The stock market crash is widely regarded as the major cause of the depression. The artificial prices of stocks were finally destroyed. What happened was that when the bull market came to an end, share prices began to fall as from September 3 1929. Speculators began sensing loses to their savings and even homes. On the Black Thursday, there were many people trying to offload their shares. That increased the supply while very few investors were willing to buy.

Managing across Cultures individual report Essay

Managing across Cultures individual report - Essay Example As a result of its influence, culture management across organizations has started getting importance in business terms and is currently the one of the most evaluated subject for business analysts researchers and. In the present study culture will be studied with respect to its various dimensions researched by known people. Few of the organizational behaviour and cultural theories will also be discussed in detail Critical analysis of theory and research Culture plays a major role in characterizing the environmental context in which firms operate and decide, chose strategies and structures. A culture essentially consists of the expectations, experiences, philosophies and values ingrained and the elemental brinks which holds an organization or an association together (Bennett, Aston and Colquhoun, 2000). In broader terms organizational culture comprises of visions, norms, working languages, systems, beliefs, symbols and habits. Since individuals work together in an organization as a tea m with a common goal of completing the job, the culture created in a firm will help the team members in understanding each other more successfully (Olsonand Kroeger, 2001). Hofstede defines culture as â€Å"the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from others† (Hofstede et al., 1990). ... ee individuals are integrated with groups Masculinity and Femininity (MAS) - Masculinity represents society’s preference towards heroism, achievement, assertiveness as well as material rewards. On the other hand, Femininity refers preferring modesty, cooperation and care for underprivileged and weak and improving quality of life. Society is both competitive and consensus oriented (Hofstede and McCrae, 2004). Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) - it is the tolerance of a society towards ambiguity and uncertainty. It expresses the tendency of feeling uncomfortable with risks and unexpected changes. countries showing strong UI have rigid belief codes while weak UI society have more tranquil attitudes where practice is given more preference than principles Long term and Short term orientation- long term orientation refers to the society and their individual’s explore for virtues. On the other hand, short term orientation refers to preference for absolute truth. They are normative t hinkers and exhibit respect for traditions. Another model of cultural dimensions was given by Trompenaars. He classified cultures according to a mix of value and behavioral patterns. The research was particularly focused on business executives. Seven value orientations were evaluated. The seven dimensions were particularism versus universalism, individualism versus communitarians, emotional versus neutral, specific versus diffuse, ascription versus achievement, nature-human relationship and nature-time relationship. Trompennar’s work primarily focuses on sociology and includes two measurements for attitudes which were environment and time. Researchers have divided Trompennars theory into two different aspects. There are three ways to handle cultural problems and five individual dimensions. Edward